Vial adapter and system

ABSTRACT

A vial adapter includes a base having first and second opposing sides, a spike depending from the first side of the base, the spike having a spike passageway, and a connector disposed on the second side of the base, the connector having a connector passageway that is in fluid communication with the spike passageway. The vial adapter may be combined with a vial.

BACKGROUND

This patent is directed to a vial adapter, and, in particular, to a vialadapter configured to facilitate connection to a vial. The connection tothe vial may be needleless or needle-free.

Pharmaceutical products may be packaged in any of a number of differentcontainers for storage and use. For example, the products may bepre-filled into syringes, or pre-mixed in flexible bags. These productsmay also be disposed in rigid-walled or semi rigid-walled containershaving a stopper or valve held in place on one end by a seal or crimpring. These containers may be referred to as vials or cartridges,although in this document they will be referred to collectively asvials.

In the past, a needle or pointed instrument was used to advance into thestopper or valve and draw material from the vial. Because a needle orother pointed instrument was involved in drawing material from thecontainer, this procedure had its drawbacks. The use of the needle orother pointed instrument created the potential for accidental sticks ofthe healthcare workers and/or the patient. The needle also had thepotential to puncture equipment, causing damage.

As set forth in more detail below, the present disclosure sets forth animproved adapter embodying advantageous alternatives to the conventionaldevices and methods discussed above.

SUMMARY

In an aspect of the present disclosure, a system includes a vial havinga neck with a passage in the neck and a rim disposed adjacent the neck.The system also includes a stopper disposed over the passage in the neckof the vial to control access through the passage into the vial, and acrimp ring disposed about the stopper and the rim to maintain thestopper fixed relative to the vial. The system further includes a vialadapter including a collar securely attached to the vial at the neck ofthe vial that receives one of a pair of opposing forces to limit themovement of the stopper relative to the vial.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a vial adapter includes abase having first and second opposing sides, a tubular skirt dependingfrom the first side of the base, the tubular skirt bounding a space toreceive a vial therein, and a spike depending from the first side of thebase into the space, the spike having a longitudinal axis and a spikepassageway. The tubular skirt has at least one slot formed therein, theat least one slot having a first section that extends parallel to thelongitudinal axis of the spike and a second section extending in an arcabout the longitudinal axis and connected to the first section. The vialadapter also includes a connector disposed on the second side of thebase, the connector having a connector passageway that is in fluidcommunication with the spike passageway.

In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a vial adapter includesa base having first and second opposing sides, and a spike dependingfrom the first side of the base, the spike having a longitudinal axisand a spike passageway. The spike has a shaft connected to the base anda head connected to the shaft, the head having a cross-section in aplane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis that is larger incross-section than the shaft. The vial adapter also includes a biasingmechanism disposed about the spike, and a connector disposed on thesecond side of the base, the connector having a connector passagewaythat is in fluid communication with the spike passageway.

In a further aspect of the present disclosure, a system includes a vialadapter and a vial. The vial adapter includes a base having first andsecond opposing sides, a tubular skirt depending from the first side ofthe base, the tubular skirt bounding a space, and a spike depending fromthe first side of the base into the space, the spike having alongitudinal axis and a spike passageway. The tubular skirt has at leastone slot formed therein, the at least one slot having a first sectionthat extends parallel to the longitudinal axis of the spike and a secondsection extending in an arc about the longitudinal axis and connected tothe first section. The vial adapter includes a connector disposed on thesecond side of the base, the connector having a connector passagewaythat is in fluid communication with the spike passageway. The vial hasfirst and second ends and a receptacle therebetween. The first end ofthe vial is disposed within the space bounded by the tubular skirt, andhas at least one radially-outwardly depending tab that is disposed inthe at least one slot, wherein at least one tab is disposed in thesecond section of the slot in a fully assembled state.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

It is believed that the disclosure will be more fully understood fromthe following description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings. Some of the figures may have been simplified by the omissionof selected elements for the purpose of more clearly showing otherelements. Such omissions of elements in some figures are not necessarilyindicative of the presence or absence of particular elements in any ofthe exemplary embodiments, except as may be explicitly delineated in thecorresponding written description. None of the drawings are necessarilyto scale.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a vial adapter according to anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a plan view of the vial adapter of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 1 takenabout line 3-3 in FIG. 2, in combination with a syringe also shown incross-section and a vial shown in partial cross-section;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the combination of the vial adapterand the vial of FIG. 3 taken about line 4-4 in FIG. 3, with the vialadapter and the vial in a first (or unlocked) orientation (or state)relative to each other;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the combination of the vial adapterand the vial in a second (or locked) orientation (or state) relative toeach other;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the combination of the vial adapter,vial and syringe of FIG. 3 as assembled;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 1 takenabout line 3-3 in FIG. 2, in combination with a machine and a vial shownin partial cross-section;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a vial adapter according to a firstalternative embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a vial adapter according to a secondalternative embodiment;

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a vial adapter according to a thirdalternative embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a vial adapter according to a fourthalternative embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a vial adapter according to a fifthalternative embodiment;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a vial adapter according to a sixthalternative embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a vial adapter according to a seventhalternative embodiment;

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a vial adapter according to an eighthalternative embodiment;

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a seal for use with the vialillustrated in FIG. 3;

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of an alternative seal for use with thevial illustrated in FIG. 3;

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of the seal illustrated in FIG. 17 incombination with a cap;

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of a spike of a vial adapter advancinginto a stopper of a vial to access material inside the vial, with atrapped residual volume defined by deflection of the stopper;

FIG. 20 is an exploded view of a vial adapter configured to address thetrapped residual volume of FIG. 19 in combination with a vial;

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 20 in afirst position relative to the vial;

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 20 in asecond position relative to the vial;

FIG. 23 is an exploded view of an alternative vial adapter configured toaddress the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 in combination with avial;

FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 23 in afirst position relative to the vial;

FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 23 in asecond position relative to the vial;

FIG. 26 is an exploded view of a second alternative vial adapterconfigured to address the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 incombination with a vial;

FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 26 in afirst position relative to the vial;

FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 26 in asecond position relative to the vial;

FIG. 29 is an exploded view of a third alternative vial adapterconfigured to address the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 incombination with a vial;

FIG. 30 is a partial cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 29in a first position relative to the vial;

FIG. 31 is a partial cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 29in a second position relative to the vial;

FIG. 32 is an exploded view of a fourth alternative vial adapterconfigured to address the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 incombination with a vial;

FIG. 33 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 32 in afirst position relative to the vial;

FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 32 in asecond position relative to the vial;

FIG. 35 is an exploded view of a fifth alternative vial adapterconfigured to address the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 incombination with a vial;

FIG. 36 is a perspective view of the vial adapter of FIG. 35 in a firstposition relative to the vial;

FIG. 37 is a perspective view of the vial adapter of FIG. 35 in a secondposition relative to the vial;

FIG. 38 is an exploded view of a sixth alternative vial adapterconfigured to address the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 incombination with a vial;

FIG. 39 is a perspective view of the vial adapter of FIG. 38 in a firstposition relative to the vial;

FIG. 40 is a perspective view of the vial adapter of FIG. 38 in a secondposition relative to the vial;

FIG. 41 is an exploded view of a seventh alternative vial adapterconfigured to address the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 incombination with a vial;

FIG. 42 is a partial cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 41in a first position relative to the vial;

FIG. 43 is a partial cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 41in a second position relative to the vial;

FIG. 44 is an exploded view of an eighth alternative vial adapterconfigured to address the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 incombination with a vial;

FIG. 45 is a partial cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 44in a first position relative to the vial;

FIG. 46 is a partial cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 44in a second position relative to the vial;

FIG. 47 is an exploded view of a ninth alternative vial adapterconfigured to address the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 incombination with a vial;

FIG. 48 is a perspective view of the vial adapter of FIG. 47 in a firstposition relative to the vial;

FIG. 49 is a perspective view of the vial adapter of FIG. 47 in a secondposition relative to the vial;

FIG. 50 is an exploded view of a tenth alternative vial adapterconfigured to address the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 incombination with a vial;

FIG. 51 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 50 in afirst position relative to the vial;

FIG. 52 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 50 in asecond position relative to the vial;

FIG. 53 is a cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG. 50 in asecond position relative to the vial;

FIG. 54 is an exploded view of an eleventh vial adapter configured toaddress the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 in combination with avial;

FIG. 55 is an enlarged perspective view of the spike subassemblyaccording to the vial adapter of FIG. 54;

FIG. 56 is a perspective view of the vial adapter of FIG. 54 with thespike subassembly being rotated about its central axis;

FIG. 57 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG.54 as the spike subassembly is rotated about its central axis,illustrating the movement of the stopper surface in phantom;

FIG. 58 is an exploded view of a twelfth vial adapter configured toaddress the trapped residual volume of FIG. 19 in combination with avial;

FIG. 59 is an enlarged perspective view of the spike subassemblyaccording to the vial adapter of FIG. 58;

FIG. 60 is a perspective view of the vial adapter of FIG. 58 with thespike subassembly being rotated about its central axis;

FIG. 61 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the vial adapter of FIG.58 as the spike subassembly is rotated about its central axis,illustrating the movement of the stopper surface in phantom;

FIG. 62 is a cross-sectional view of a vial adapter to be used with amachine to facilitate retention of a stopper as a spike of the vialadapter is advanced into the stopper;

FIG. 63 is a perspective view of a first variant for a collar used invial adapter of FIG. 62; and

FIG. 64 is a perspective view of a second variant for a collar used inthe vial adapter of FIG. 62.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

Although the following text sets forth a detailed description ofdifferent embodiments of the invention, it should be understood that thelegal scope of the invention is defined by the words of the claims setforth at the end of this patent. The detailed description is to beconstrued as exemplary only and does not describe every possibleembodiment of the invention because describing every possible embodimentwould be impractical, if not impossible. Numerous alternativeembodiments could be implemented, using either current technology ortechnology developed after the filing date of this patent, which wouldstill fall within the scope of the claims defining the invention.

Along these lines, FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an embodiment of a vialadapter 100. The vial adapter 100 may be used with a vial 102, such asis illustrated in FIGS. 3-6, and may be packaged with the vial 102 as akit. While a particular adapter 100 is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, andin combination with a particular vial 102 in FIGS. 3-6, it will berecognized that numerous variants are possible as to the adapter and thevial, certain of which are illustrated herein and others of which wouldoccur to one skilled in the art with reference to the illustrationsherein. For example, certain features illustrated in the embodiment ofthe adapter of FIGS. 1 and 2 and other features illustrated in theembodiment of FIG. 10 may be combined in an embodiment not illustrated,but within the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., a vial adapter asillustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 with a spike as illustrated in theembodiment of FIG. 10).

It should also be understood that, unless a term is expressly defined inthis patent using the sentence “As used herein, the term ‘______’ ishereby defined to mean . . . ” or a similar sentence, there is no intentto limit the meaning of that term, either expressly or by implication,beyond its plain or ordinary meaning, and such term should not beinterpreted to be limited in scope based on any statement made in anysection of this patent (other than the language of the claims). To theextent that any term recited in the claims at the end of this patent isreferred to in this patent in a manner consistent with a single meaning,that is done for sake of clarity only so as to not confuse the reader,and it is not intended that such claim term be limited, by implicationor otherwise, to that single meaning. Finally, unless a claim element isdefined by reciting the word “means” and a function without the recitalof any structure, it is not intended that the scope of any claim elementbe interpreted based on the application of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixthparagraph.

Discussing the vial adapter 100 and vial 102 first in general terms withreference to FIGS. 1-6, it will be recognized that the vial adapter 100includes a base 110 having first and second opposing sides 112, 114 (seeFIGS. 1 and 2). A tubular skirt 116 may depend from the first side 112of the base 110, the tubular skirt 116 bounding a space 118 to receive avial, such as the vial 102, therein. A spike 120 may depend from thefirst side 112 of the base 110 into the space 118. The spike 120 mayhave a longitudinal axis 122 (see FIG. 1) and a spike passageway 124(see FIGS. 2 and 3). The vial adapter 100 may also include a connector126 disposed on the second side 114 of the base 110, the connector 114having a connector passageway 128 that is in fluid communication withthe spike passageway 124 (see FIGS. 2 and 3). The base 110, skirt 116,spike 120 and connector 126 may be formed (e.g., molded) as a singleunit out of polycarbonate, for example. The connector 126 may be a luerlock connection for connecting with a syringe or tubing, oralternatively may be smooth for connecting to tubing.

As is also illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the tubular skirt 116 may haveat least one slot 130 formed therein. As will be illustrated in laterembodiments, the skirt 116 may have no slots; in still otherembodiments, the skirt may be absent entirely. According to theembodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the at least one slot 130 mayhave a first section 132 that extends parallel to the longitudinal axis122 of the spike 120, and a second section 134 extending in an arc aboutthe longitudinal axis 122 and connected to the first section 132.

As mentioned above, the vial adapter 100 may be used with a vial 102.The vial 102 may contain a pharmaceutical product, such as anerythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA), which may be in a liquid or alyophilized form. An ESA is any molecule that stimulates erythropoiesis,such as Epogen® (Epoetin alfa), Aranesp® (Darbepoetin alfa), Dynepo(Epoetin delta), Mircera (methyoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta),Hematide, MRK-2578, INS-22, Retacrit (Epoetin zeta), Neorecormon(Epoetin beta), Silapo (Epoetin zeta), Binocrit (Epoetin alfa), Epoetinalfa Hexal, Abseamed (Epoetin alfa), Ratioepo (Epoetin theta), Eporatio(Epoetin theta), Biopoin (Epoetin theta), Epoetin alfa, Epoetin beta,Epoetin Zeta, Epoetin Theta, and Epoetin delta, as well as the moleculesor variants or analogs thereof as disclosed in the following patents orpatent applications, which are each herein incorporated by reference inits entirety: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,703,008; 5,441,868; 5,547,933; 5,618,698;5,621,080; 5,756,349; 5,767,078; 5,773,569; 5,955,422; 5,986,047;6,583,272; 7,084,245; and 7,271,689; and PCT Publ. Nos. WO 91/05867; WO95/05465; WO 96/40772; WO 00/24893; WO 01/81405; and WO 2007/136752.

An ESA can be an erythropoiesis stimulating protein. As used herein,“erythropoiesis stimulating protein” means any protein that directly orindirectly causes activation of the erythropoietin receptor, forexample, by binding to and causing dimerization of the receptor.Erythropoiesis stimulating proteins include erythropoietin and variants,analogs, or derivatives thereof that bind to and activate erythropoietinreceptor; antibodies that bind to erythropoietin receptor and activatethe receptor; or peptides that bind to and activate erythropoietinreceptor. Erythropoiesis stimulating proteins include, but are notlimited to, epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, epoetin delta, epoetin omega,epoetin iota, epoetin zeta, and analogs thereof, pegylatederythropoietin, carbamylated erythropoietin, mimetic peptides (includingEMPl/hematide), and mimetic antibodies. Exemplary erythropoiesisstimulating proteins include erythropoietin, darbepoetin, erythropoietinagonist variants, and peptides or antibodies that bind and activateerythropoietin receptor (and include compounds reported in U.S. Publ.Nos. 2003/0215444 and 2006/0040858, the disclosures of each of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety) as well aserythropoietin molecules or variants or analogs thereof as disclosed inthe following patents or patent applications, which are each hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,703,008;5,441,868; 5,547,933; 5,618,698; 5,621,080; 5,756,349; 5,767,078;5,773,569; 5,955,422; 5,830,851; 5,856,298; 5,986,047; 6,030,086;6,310,078; 6,391,633; 6,583,272; 6,586,398; 6,900,292; 6,750,369;7,030,226; 7,084,245; and 7,217,689; US Publ. Nos. 2002/0155998;2003/0077753; 2003/0082749; 2003/0143202; 2004/0009902; 2004/0071694;2004/0091961; 2004/0143857; 2004/0157293; 2004/0175379; 2004/0175824;2004/0229318; 2004/0248815; 2004/0266690; 2005/0019914; 2005/0026834;2005/0096461; 2005/0107297; 2005/0107591; 2005/0124045; 2005/0124564;2005/0137329; 2005/0142642; 2005/0143292; 2005/0153879; 2005/0158822;2005/0158832; 2005/0170457; 2005/0181359; 2005/0181482; 2005/0192211;2005/0202538; 2005/0227289; 2005/0244409; 2006/0088906; and2006/0111279; and PCT Publ. Nos. WO 91/05867; WO 95/05465; WO 99/66054;WO 00/24893; WO 01/81405; WO 00/61637; WO 01/36489; WO 02/014356; WO02/19963; WO 02/20034; WO 02/49673; WO 02/085940; WO 03/029291; WO2003/055526; WO 2003/084477; WO 2003/094858; WO 2004/002417; WO2004/002424; WO 2004/009627; WO 2004/024761; WO 2004/033651; WO2004/035603; WO 2004/043382; WO 2004/101600; WO 2004/101606; WO2004/101611; WO 2004/106373; WO 2004/018667; WO 2005/001025; WO2005/001136; WO 2005/021579; WO 2005/025606; WO 2005/032460; WO2005/051327; WO 2005/063808; WO 2005/063809; WO 2005/070451; WO2005/081687; WO 2005/084711; WO 2005/103076; WO 2005/100403; WO2005/092369; WO 2006/50959; WO 2006/02646; and WO 2006/29094.

Alternatively, the vial 102 may contain other products. Examples ofother pharmaceutical products that may be contained in the vial 102 mayinclude, but are not limited to, therapeutics such as a biological(e.g., Enbrel® (etanercept, TNF-receptor/Fc fusion protein, TNFblocker), Neulasta® (Pegylated filgastrim, pegylated G-CSF, pegylatedhu-Met-G-CSF), Neupogen® (Filgrastim , G-CSF, hu-MetG-CSF), Nplate®(Romiplostim), Vectibix® (Panitumumab), Sensipar® (Cinacalcet), andDenosamab® (AMG 162)), a small molecule drug, a therapeutic antibody, apolypeptide, a protein or other chemical, such as an iron, for example,ferumoxytol, iron dextrans, ferric glyconate, and iron sucrose. Thetherapeutic may be in liquid form, or reconstituted from lyophilizedform.

Among particular illustrative proteins are the specific proteins setforth below, including fusions, fragments, analogs, variants orderivatives thereof:

OPGL specific antibodies, peptibodies, and related proteins, and thelike (also referred to as RANKL specific antibodies, peptibodies and thelike), including fully humanized and human OPGL specific antibodies,particularly fully humanized monoclonal antibodies, including but notlimited to the antibodies described in PCT Publ. No. WO 03/002713, whichis incorporated herein in its entirety as to OPGL specific antibodiesand antibody related proteins, particularly those having the sequencesset forth therein, particularly, but not limited to, those denotedtherein: 9H7; 18B2; 2D8; 2E11; 16E1; and 22B3, including the OPGLspecific antibodies having either the light chain of SEQ ID NO: 2 as setforth therein in FIG. 2 and/or the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO:4, as setforth therein in FIG. 4, each of which is individually and specificallyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety fully as disclosed inthe foregoing Publication;

Myostatin binding proteins, peptibodies, and related proteins, and thelike, including myostatin specific peptibodies, particularly thosedescribed in US Publ. No. 2004/0181033 and PCT Publ. No. WO 2004/058988,which are incorporated by reference herein in their entiretyparticularly in parts pertinent to myostatin specific peptibodies,including but not limited to peptibodies of the mTN8-19 family,including those of SEQ ID NOS: 305-351, including TN8-19-1 throughTN8-19-40, TN8-19 coni and TN8-19 con2; peptibodies of the mL2 family ofSEQ ID NOS: 357-383; the mL15 family of SEQ ID NOS: 384-409; the mL17family of SEQ ID NOS: 410-438; the mL20 family of SEQ ID NOS: 439-446;the mL21 family of SEQ ID NOS: 447-452; the mL24 family of SEQ ID NOS:453-454; and those of SEQ ID NOS: 615-631, each of which is individuallyand specifically incorporated by reference herein in their entiretyfully as disclosed in the foregoing publication;

IL-4 receptor specific antibodies, peptibodies, and related proteins,and the like, particularly those that inhibit activities mediated bybinding of IL-4 and/or IL-13 to the receptor, including those describedin PCT Publ. No. WO 2005/047331 or PCT Appl. No. PCT/US2004/03742 and inUS Publ. No. 2005/112694, which are incorporated herein by reference inthere entirety particularly in parts pertinent to IL-4 receptor specificantibodies, particularly such antibodies as are described therein,particularly, and without limitation, those designated therein: L1H1;L1H2; L1H3; L1H4; L1H5; L1H6; L1H7; L1H8; L1H9; L1H10; L1H11; L2H1;L2H2; L2H3; L2H4; L2H5; L2H6; L2H7; L2H8; L2H9; L2H10; L2H11; L2H12;L2H13; L2H14; L3H1; L4H1; L5H1; L6H1, each of which is individually andspecifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety fully asdisclosed in the foregoing publication;

Interleukin 1-receptor 1 (“IL1-R1”) specific antibodies, peptibodies,and related proteins, and the like, including but not limited to thosedescribed in U.S. Publ. No. 2004/097712A1, which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety in parts pertinent to IL1-R1 specificbinding proteins, monoclonal antibodies in particular, especially,without limitation, those designated therein: 15CA, 26F5, 27F2, 24E12,and 10H7, each of which is individually and specifically incorporated byreference herein in its entirety fully as disclosed in theaforementioned U.S. publication;

Ang2 specific antibodies, peptibodies, and related proteins, and thelike, including but not limited to those described in PCT Publ. No. WO03/057134 and U.S. Publ No. 2003/0229023, each of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety particularly in parts pertinent toAng2 specific antibodies and peptibodies and the like, especially thoseof sequences described therein and including but not limited to: L1(N);L1(N) WT; L1(N) 1K WT; 2xL1(N); 2xL1(N) WT; Con4 (N), Con4 (N) 1K WT,2xCon4 (N) 1K; L1C; L1C 1K; 2xL1C; Con4C; Con4C 1K; 2xCon4C 1K; Con4-L1(N); Con4-L1C; TN-12-9 (N); C17 (N); TN8-8(N); TN8-14 (N); Con 1 (N),also including anti-Ang 2 antibodies and formulations such as thosedescribed in PCT Publ. No. WO 2003/030833 which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety as to the same, particularly Ab526; Ab528;Ab531; Ab533; Ab535; Ab536; Ab537; Ab540; Ab543; Ab544; Ab545; Ab546;A551; Ab553; Ab555; Ab558; Ab559; Ab565; AbF1AbFD; AbFE; AbFJ; AbFK;AbG1D4; AbGC1E8; AbH1C12; AblA1; AblF; AblK, AblP; and AblP, in theirvarious permutations as described therein, each of which is individuallyand specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety fullyas disclosed in the foregoing publication;

NGF specific antibodies, peptibodies, and related proteins, and the likeincluding, in particular, but not limited to those described in US Publ.No. 2005/0074821 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,919,426, which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety particularly as to NGF-specificantibodies and related proteins in this regard, including in particular,but not limited to, the NGF-specific antibodies therein designated 4D4,4G6, 6H9, 7H2, 14D10 and 14D11, each of which is individually andspecifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety fully asdisclosed in the foregoing publication;

CD22 specific antibodies, peptibodies, and related proteins, and thelike, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,554, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety as to CD22 specificantibodies and related proteins, particularly human CD22 specificantibodies, such as but not limited to humanized and fully humanantibodies, including but not limited to humanized and fully humanmonoclonal antibodies, particularly including but not limited to humanCD22 specific IgG antibodies, such as, for instance, a dimer of ahuman-mouse monoclonal hLL2 gamma-chain disulfide linked to ahuman-mouse monoclonal hLL2 kappa-chain, including, but limited to, forexample, the human CD22 specific fully humanized antibody inEpratuzumab, CAS registry number 501423-23-0;

IGF-1 receptor specific antibodies, peptibodies, and related proteins,and the like, such as those described in PCT Publ. No. WO 06/069202,which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as to IGF-1receptor specific antibodies and related proteins, including but notlimited to the IGF-1 specific antibodies therein designated L1H1, L2H2,L3H3, L4H4, L5H5, L6H6, L7H7, L8H8, L9H9, L10H10, L11H11, L12H12,L13H13, L14H14, L15H15, L16H16, L17H17, L18H18, L19H19, L20H20, L21H21,L22H22, L23H23, L24H24, L25H25, L26H26, L27H27, L28H28, L29H29, L30H30,L31H31, L32H32, L33H33, L34H34, L35H35, L36H36, L37H37, L38H38, L39H39,L40H40, L41H41, L42H42, L43H43, L44H44, L45H45, L46H46, L47H47, L48H48,L49H49, L50H50, L51H51, L52H52, and IGF-1R-binding fragments andderivatives thereof, each of which is individually and specificallyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety fully as disclosed inthe foregoing International Publication;

Also among non-limiting examples of anti-IGF-1R antibodies for use inthe methods and compositions of the present invention are each and allof those described in:

(i) US Publ. No. 2006/0040358 (published Feb. 23, 2006), 2005/0008642(published Jan. 13, 2005), 2004/0228859 (published Nov. 18, 2004),including but not limited to, for instance, antibody 1A (DSMZ DepositNo. DSM ACC 2586), antibody 8 (DSMZ Deposit No. DSM ACC 2589), antibody23 (DSMZ Deposit No. DSM ACC 2588) and antibody 18 as described therein;(ii) PCT Publ. No. WO 06/138729 (published Dec. 28, 2006) and WO05/016970 (published Feb. 24, 2005), and Lu et al., 2004, J Biol. Chem.279:2856-65, including but not limited to antibodies 2F8, A112, andIMC-A12 as described therein;(iii) PCT Publ. No. WO 07/012614 (published Feb. 1, 2007), WO 07/000328(published Jan. 4, 2007), WO 06/013472 (published Feb. 9, 2006), WO05/058967 (published Jun. 30, 2005), and WO 03/059951 (published Jul.24, 2003);(iv) US Publ. No. 2005/0084906 (published Apr. 21, 2005), including butnot limited to antibody 7C10, chimaeric antibody C7C10, antibody h7C10,antibody 7H2M, chimaeric antibody *7C10, antibody GM 607, humanizedantibody 7C10 version 1, humanized antibody 7C10 version 2, humanizedantibody 7C10 version 3, and antibody 7H2HM, as described therein;(v) US Publ. Nos. 2005/0249728 (published Nov. 10, 2005), 2005/0186203(published Aug. 25, 2005), 2004/0265307 (published Dec. 30, 2004), and2003/0235582 (published Dec. 25, 2003) and Maloney et al., 2003, CancerRes. 63:5073-83, including but not limited to antibody EM164, resurfacedEM164, humanized EM164, huEM164 v1.0, huEM164 v1.1, huEM164 v1.2, andhuEM164 v1.3 as described therein;(vi) U.S. Pat. No. 7,037,498 (issued May 2, 2006), US Publ. Nos.2005/0244408 (published Nov.30, 2005) and 2004/0086503 (published May 6,2004), and Cohen, et al., 2005, Clinical Cancer Res. 11:2063-73, e.g.,antibody CP-751,871, including but not limited to each of the antibodiesproduced by the hybridomas having the ATCC accession numbers PTA-2792,PTA-2788, PTA-2790, PTA-2791, PTA-2789, PTA-2793, and antibodies 2.12.1,2.13.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 4.9.2, and 4.17.3, as described therein;(vii) US Publ. Nos. 2005/0136063 (published Jun. 23, 2005) and2004/0018191 (published Jan. 29, 2004), including but not limited toantibody 19D12 and an antibody comprising a heavy chain encoded by apolynucleotide in plasmid 15H12/19D12 HCA (γ4), deposited at the ATCCunder number PTA-5214, and a light chain encoded by a polynucleotide inplasmid 15H12/19D12 LCF (x), deposited at the ATCC under numberPTA-5220, as described therein; and(viii) US Publ. No. 2004/0202655 (published Oct. 14, 2004), includingbut not limited to antibodies PINT-6A1, PINT-7A2, PINT-7A4, PINT-7A5,PINT-7A6, PINT-8A1, PINT-9A2, PINT-11A1, PINT-11A2, PINT-11A3,PINT-11A4, PINT-11A5, PINT-11A7, PINT-11Al2, PINT-12A1, PINT-12A2,PINT-12A3, PINT-12A4, and PINT-12A5, as described therein; each and allof which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties,particularly as to the aforementioned antibodies, peptibodies, andrelated proteins and the like that target IGF-1 receptors;

B-7 related protein 1 specific antibodies, peptibodies, related proteinsand the like (“B7RP-1,” also is referred to in the literature as B7H2,ICOSL, B7h, and CD275), particularly B7RP-specific fully humanmonoclonal IgG2 antibodies, particularly fully human IgG2 monoclonalantibody that binds an epitope in the first immunoglobulin-like domainof B7RP-1, especially those that inhibit the interaction of B7RP-1 withits natural receptor, ICOS, on activated T cells in particular,especially, in all of the foregoing regards, those disclosed in U.S.Publ. No. 2008/0166352 and PCT Publ. No. WO 07/011941, which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties as to suchantibodies and related proteins, including but not limited to antibodiesdesignated therein as follow: 16H (having light chain variable and heavychain variable sequences SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:7 respectivelytherein); 5D (having light chain variable and heavy chain variablesequences SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:9 respectively therein); 2H (havinglight chain variable and heavy chain variable sequences SEQ ID NO:3 andSEQ ID NO:10 respectively therein); 43H (having light chain variable andheavy chain variable sequences SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ ID NO:14 respectivelytherein); 41H (having light chain variable and heavy chain variablesequences SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:13 respectively therein); and 15H(having light chain variable and heavy chain variable sequences SEQ IDNO:4 and SEQ ID NO:12 respectively therein), each of which isindividually and specifically incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety fully as disclosed in the foregoing U.S. Publication;

IL-15 specific antibodies, peptibodies, and related proteins, and thelike, such as, in particular, humanized monoclonal antibodies,particularly antibodies such as those disclosed in U.S. Publ. Nos.2003/0138421; 2003/023586; and 2004/0071702; and U.S. Pat. No.7,153,507, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety as to IL-15 specific antibodies and related proteins, includingpeptibodies, including particularly, for instance, but not limited to,HuMax IL-15 antibodies and related proteins, such as, for instance,146B7;

IFN gamma specific antibodies, peptibodies, and related proteins and thelike, especially human IFN gamma specific antibodies, particularly fullyhuman anti-IFN gamma antibodies, such as, for instance, those describedin US Publ. No. 2005/0004353, which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety as to IFN gamma specific antibodies, particularly, forexample, the antibodies therein designated 1118; 1118*; 1119; 1121; and1121*. The entire sequences of the heavy and light chains of each ofthese antibodies, as well as the sequences of their heavy and lightchain variable regions and complementarity determining regions, are eachindividually and specifically incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety fully as disclosed in the foregoing US Publication and inThakur et al., Mol. Immunol. 36:1107-1115 (1999). In addition,description of the properties of these antibodies provided in theforegoing US publication is also incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety. Specific antibodies include those having the heavy chain ofSEQ ID NO: 17 and the light chain of SEQ ID NO:18; those having theheavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:6 and the light chain variableregion of SEQ ID NO:8; those having the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO:19 andthe light chain of SEQ ID NO:20; those having the heavy chain variableregion of SEQ ID NO:10 and the light chain variable region of SEQ IDNO:12; those having the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO:32 and the light chainof SEQ ID NO:20; those having the heavy chain variable region of SEQ IDNO:30 and the light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:12; those havingthe heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and the light chain sequence ofSEQ ID NO:22; those having the heavy chain variable region of SEQ IDNO:14 and the light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:16; those havingthe heavy chain of SEQ ID NO:21 and the light chain of SEQ ID NO:33; andthose having the heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:14 and thelight chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:31, as disclosed in theforegoing US Publication. A specific antibody contemplated is antibody1119 as disclosed in foregoing US Publication and having a completeheavy chain of SEQ ID NO:17 as disclosed therein and having a completelight chain of SEQ ID NO:18 as disclosed therein;

TALL-1 specific antibodies, peptibodies, and the related proteins, andthe like, and other TALL specific binding proteins, such as thosedescribed in U.S. Publ. Nos. 2003/0195156 and 2006/0135431, each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as to TALL-1binding proteins, particularly the molecules of Tables 4 and 5B, each ofwhich is individually and specifically incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety fully as disclosed in the foregoing US Publications;

Parathyroid hormone (“PTH”) specific antibodies, peptibodies, andrelated proteins, and the like, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No.6,756,480, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety,particularly in parts pertinent to proteins that bind PTH;

Thrombopoietin receptor (“TPO-R”) specific antibodies, peptibodies, andrelated proteins, and the like, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No.6,835,809, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety,particularly in parts pertinent to proteins that bind TPO-R;

Hepatocyte growth factor (“HGF”) specific antibodies, peptibodies, andrelated proteins, and the like, including those that target theHGF/SF:cMet axis (HGF/SF:c-Met), such as the fully human monoclonalantibodies that neutralize hepatocyte growth factor/scatter (HGF/SF)described in US Publ. No. 2005/0118643 and PCT Publ. No. WO 2005/017107,huL2G7 described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,220,410 and OA-5d5 described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,686,292 and 6,468,529 and in PCT Publ. No. WO 96/38557, eachof which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety,particularly in parts pertinent to proteins that bind HGF;

TRAIL-R2 specific antibodies, peptibodies, related proteins and thelike, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,521,048, which isherein incorporated by reference in its entirety, particularly in partspertinent to proteins that bind TRAIL-R2;

Activin A specific antibodies, peptibodies, related proteins, and thelike, including but not limited to those described in US Publ. No.2009/0234106, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety,particularly in parts pertinent to proteins that bind Activin A;

TGF-beta specific antibodies, peptibodies, related proteins, and thelike, including but not limited to those described in U.S. Pat. No.6,803,453 and US Publ. No. 2007/0110747, each of which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety, particularly in partspertinent to proteins that bind TGF-beta;

Amyloid-beta protein specific antibodies, peptibodies, related proteins,and the like, including but not limited to those described in PCT Publ.No. WO 2006/081171, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety, particularly in parts pertinent to proteins that bindamyloid-beta proteins. One antibody contemplated is an antibody having aheavy chain variable region comprising SEQ ID NO: 8 and a light chainvariable region having SEQ ID NO: 6 as disclosed in the InternationalPublication;

c-Kit specific antibodies, peptibodies, related proteins, and the like,including but not limited to those described in Publ. No. 2007/0253951,which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, particularlyin parts pertinent to proteins that bind c-Kit and/or other stem cellfactor receptors;

OX4OL specific antibodies, peptibodies, related proteins, and the like,including but not limited to those described in US Appl. No. 11/068,289,which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, particularlyin parts pertinent to proteins that bind OX4OL and/or other ligands ofthe OX040 receptor; and

Other exemplary proteins, including Activase® (Alteplase, tPA); Aranesp®(Darbepoetin alfa), Epogen® (Epoetin alfa, or erythropoietin); Avonex®(Interferon beta-1a); Bexxar® (Tositumomab, anti-CD22 monoclonalantibody); Betaseron® (Interferon-beta); Campath® (Alemtuzumab,anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody); Dynepo® (Epoetin delta); Velcade®(bortezomib); MLN0002 (anti-α4β7 mAb); MLN1202 (anti-CCR2 chemokinereceptor mAb); Enbrel® (etanercept, TNF-receptor/Fc fusion protein, TNFblocker); Eprex® (Epoetin alfa); Erbitux® (Cetuximab,anti-EGFR/HER1/c-ErbB-1); Genotropin® (Somatropin, Human GrowthHormone); Herceptin® (Trastuzumab, anti-HER2/neu (erbB2) receptor mAb);Humatrope® (Somatropin, Human Growth Hormone); Humira® (Adalimumab);Insulin in Solution; Infergen® (Interferon Alfacon-1); Natrecor®(nesiritide; recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide (hBNP);Kineret® (Anakinra), Leukine® (Sargamostim, rhuGM-CSF); LymphoCide®(Epratuzumab, anti-CD22 mAb); Lymphostat B® (Belimumab, anti-BlyS mAb);Metalyse® (Tenecteplase, t-PA analog); Mircera® (methoxy polyethyleneglycol-epoetin beta); Mylotarg® (Gemtuzumab ozogamicin); Raptiva®(efalizumab); Cimzia® (certolizumab pegol, CDP 870); Soliris™(Eculizumab); Pexelizumab (Anti-C5 Complement); MEDI-524 (Numax®);Lucentis® (Ranibizumab); 17-1A (Edrecolomab, Panorex®); Trabio®(lerdelimumab); TheraCim hR3 (Nimotuzumab); Omnitarg (Pertuzumab, 2C4);Osidem® (IDM-1); OvaRex® (B43.13); Nuvion® (visilizumab); Cantuzumabmertansine (huC242-DM1); NeoRecormon® (Epoetin beta); Neumega®(Oprelvekin, Human Interleukin-11); Neulasta® (Pegylated filgastrim,pegylated G-CSF, pegylated hu-Met-G-CSF); Neupogen® (Filgrastim , G-CSF,hu-MetG-CSF); Orthoclone OKT3® (Muromonab-CD3, anti-CD3 monoclonalantibody), Procrit® (Epoetin alfa); Remicade® (Infliximab, anti-TNFamonoclonal antibody), Reopro® (Abciximab, anti-GP 1Ib/IIia receptormonoclonal antibody), Actemra® (anti-IL6 Receptor mAb), Avastin®(Bevacizumab), HuMax-CD4 (zanolimumab), Rituxan® (Rituximab, anti-CD20mAb); Tarceva® (Erlotinib); Roferon-A®-(Interferon alfa-2a); Simulect®(Basiliximab); Prexige® (lumiracoxib); Synagis® (Palivizumab); 146B7-CHO(anti-IL15 antibody, see U.S. Pat. No. 7,153,507), Tysabri®(Natalizumab, anti-a4integrin mAb); Valortim® (MDX-1303, anti-B.anthracis Protective Antigen mAb); ABthrax™; Vectibix® (Panitumumab);Xolair® (Omalizumab), ETI211 (anti-MRSA mAb), IL-1 Trap (the Fc portionof human IgG1 and the extracellular domains of both IL-1 receptorcomponents (the Type I receptor and receptor accessory protein)), VEGFTrap (Ig domains of VEGFR1 fused to IgG1 Fc), Zenapax® (Daclizumab);Zenapax® (Daclizumab, anti-IL-2Ra mAb), Zevalin® (Ibritumomab tiuxetan),Zetia (ezetimibe), Atacicept (TACI-Ig), anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody(mAb) (galiximab), anti-CD23 mAb (lumiliximab), BR2-Fc (huBR3/huFcfusion protein, soluble BAFF antagonist); CNTO 148 (Golimumab, anti-TNFαmAb); HGS-ETR1 (Mapatumumab; human anti-TRAIL Receptor-1 mAb);HuMax-CD20 (Ocrelizumab, anti-CD20 human mAb); HuMax-EGFR (zalutumumab);M200 (Volociximab, anti-α5β1 integrin mAb); MDX-010 (Ipilimumab,anti-CTLA-4 mAb and VEGFR-1 (IMC-18F1); anti-BR3 mAb; anti-C. difficileToxin A and Toxin B C mAbs MDX-066 (CDA-1) and MDX-1388); anti-CD22dsFv-PE38 conjugates (CAT-3888 and CAT-8015); anti-CD25 mAb (HuMax-TAC);anti-CD3 mAb (NI-0401); Adecatumumab; anti-CD30 mAb (MDX-060); MDX-1333(anti-IFNAR); anti-CD38 mAb (HuMax CD38); anti-CD4OL mAb; anti-CriptomAb; anti-CTGF Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Phase I Fibrogen (FG-3019);anti-CTLA4 mAb; anti-eotaxinl mAb (CAT-213); anti-FGF8 mAb;anti-ganglioside GD2 mAb; anti-ganglioside GM2 mAb; anti-GDF-8 human mAb(MYO-029); anti-GM-CSF Receptor mAb (CAM-3001); anti-HepC mAb (HuMaxHepC); anti-IFNα mAb (MEDI-545, MDX-1103); anti-IGF1R mAb; anti-IGF-1RmAb (HuMax-Inflam); anti-IL12 mAb (ABT-874); anti-IL12/IL23 mAb (CNTO1275); anti-IL13 mAb (CAT-354); anti-IL2Ra mAb (HuMax-TAC); anti-IL5Receptor mAb; anti-integrin receptors mAb (MDX-018, CNTO 95); anti-1P10Ulcerative Colitis mAb (MDX-1100); anti-LLY antibody; BMS-66513;anti-Mannose Receptor/hCGβ mAb (MDX-1307); anti-mesothelin dsFv-PE38conjugate (CAT-5001); anti-PD1mAb (MDX-1106 (ONO-4538)); anti-PDGFRaantibody (IMC-3G3); anti-TGFβ mAb (GC-1008); anti-TRAIL Receptor-2 humanmAb (HGS-ETR2); anti-TWEAK mAb; anti-VEGFR/Flt-1 mAb; anti-ZP3 mAb(HuMax-ZP3); NVS Antibody #1; and NVS Antibody #2.

As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 6, the vial 102 may have first and secondends 140, 142 and a receptacle 144 therebetween. The first end 140 ofthe vial 102 may be disposed with the space 118 bounded by the tubularskirt 116. The vial 102 may have at least one radially-outwardlydepending tab 146 at the first end of the vial 102, the tab 146 beingdisposed in the at least one slot 130. In particular, the at least onetab 146 may be disposed in the second section 134 of the slot 130 in afully assembled state, as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6.

With the vial adapter 100 and the vial 102 so assembled, the vialadapter 100 may be connected, via the connector 126 to any of a numberof different devices or systems. For example, a device 150 in the formof a syringe has been illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 6, while a device 152in the form of a machine has been illustrated in FIG. 7. In fact, itwill be recognized the connector 126 may be used to connect the vialadapter 100 and associated vial 102 to an administration set includingneedleless or needle-free connectors, or even directly to tubing withoutthe use of needless or needle-free connectors. The structure of theconnector 126 may vary according to the device or system that is soughtto be connected to the adapter 100 and vial 102. In various embodiments,the needleless or needle-free adapter 100 may be held in place on thedevice or system by appropriate attachments and the vial 102 may then beinserted into the needleless or needle-free adapter 100.

In an embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 6, the vial adapter 100 maybe used according to the following procedure with the vial 102 and thesyringe 150 to reconstitute a product contained in the vial 102 andadminister the reconstituted product to a patient, for example.

Holding the vial 102 in one hand, the vial adapter 100 is held in theother hand with the spike 120 oriented in the direction of the vial 102,as illustrated in FIG. 3. The adapter 100 or the vial 102 is rotated toalign the tabs 146 with the first sections 132 of the slots 130, such asillustrated in FIG. 4. The adapter 100 may then be advanced in thedirection of the vial 102, the tabs 146 cooperating with the firstsections 132 of the slots 130 to guide the motion of the adapter 100 sothat it is primarily along the axis 122 of the spike 120. Therefore, thespike 120 will be advanced into the vial 102 so that the spike passage124 is in fluid communication with the receptacle 144 of the vial 102.

To secure the adapter 100 to the vial 102, the adapter 100 is rotated ortwisted about the axis 122. According to one embodiment of the presentprocedure, the adapter 100 is rotated or twisted until the tabs 146traverse the entire length of the second sections 134 of the slots 130,such that the tabs 146 move along the section sections 134 between thestate illustrated in FIG. 4 and the state illustrated in FIG. 5. Thestate illustrated in FIG. 4 may be referred to as the unlocked state,while the state in FIG. 5 may be referred to as the locked state.

With the adapter 100 secured to the vial 102, the syringe 150 may beattached to the connector 126. As illustrated, the syringe 150 may berotated relative to the adapter 100 to engage threads on the connector126 with threads on the syringe 150. The threaded engagement between thesyringe 150 and the adapter 100 secures the syringe 150 to the adapter,and consequently to the vial 102 which is secured to the adapter 100.

To reconstitute the lyophilized product contained in the vial 102, thesyringe 150 may be filled with a suitable diluent. With the syringe 150secured to the adapter 100, the diluent may be expelled from the syringe150 through the passage 124 of the spike 120 and into the receptacle 144of the vial 102. The user may shake or swirl the vial 102 to encouragethe interaction between the diluent and the product in the vial 102,thereby encouraging the reconstitution of the product.

According to one embodiment, the syringe 150 may also be used to drawthe reconstituted product from the vial 102, whereupon the syringe 150may be used to administer the product to a patient intravenously using aneedle or by connecting the syringe 150 to a needleless or needle-freeconnector attached to a catheter already introduced into a vein.Alternatively, the vial 102 containing the reconstituted product may beconnected to the patient by attaching the connector 126 to a needlelessor needle-free connector that is part of an administration set alreadyconnected to the patient. In fact, the product may be administeredintravenously, subcutaneously, or by any other route deemed appropriateby a medical professional.

As will be recognized, the use of the adapter 100 in a procedure toreconstitute of a product contained in the vial 102 and administer thereconstituted product to a patient is but one possible use for theadapter 100. Instead, the adapter 100 may be used to provide a simple,needleless or needle-free connection between a vial 102 containing aliquid form of a product and a syringe 150. Other uses are alsopossible. For example, the adapter 100 may be connected via a line to adelivery device in communication with the patient, and then the vial 102may be secured to the adapter 100 so that the contents may be drawntherefrom by the delivery device and administered to the patient throughthe delivery device.

In this regard, the adapter 100 may be attached to or mounted on and maybe used with medical equipment, represented schematically in theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 7 at 152. The medical equipment 152 mayinclude a dialysis machine or other machine, and the adapter 100 may beattached to or mounted on the machine for convenience sake, so that theadapter 100 may be used with the machine to which it is attached or onwhich it is mounted, or with other equipment (including, by way ofexample and not limitation, machinery, peripherals, extension sets,administration sets, tubing, etc) associated with or in general physicalproximity to the machine. When attaching or mounting the vial adapter100 to the equipment 152, the vial adapter 100 may be held in place withhardware (for example, a clamp) attached to or mounted on the medicalequipment (for example, the dialysis machine) and the vial 102 can thenbe inserted into the stationary adapter 100. According to the embodimentof FIG. 7, the vial adapter 100 is held in place on a device 152 withthe spike 120 oriented toward the top of the page, which will bedesignated “up” or “upwards” for convenience sake. While the spike 120may be oriented upwards, as is illustrated, it is also possible for thespike 120 to be oriented downwards instead, or even at some otherorientation between “up” and “down.”

According to one embodiment of the system illustrated in FIG. 7, thevial adapter 100 may be attached to or mounted on a dialysis machine,and may be used with a vial 102 containing an erythropoiesis stimulatingagent (ESA), such as Epogen® or Aranesp®, for automated administrationof the ESA using the dialysis machine. In such an embodiment, a medicalprofessional may be able to insert a vial 102 into the vial adapter 100and then allow the therapeutic to be administered with little or noadditional intervention.

The vial adapter 102, as illustrated in FIG. 7, is used according to thefollowing method. With the vial adapter 100 held in place on the medicalequipment 152, the vial 102 may be generally aligned axially with thevial adapter 100, and in particular the spike 120. The vial 102 may thenbe rotated to align the tabs 146 with the first sections 132 of theslots 130, such as illustrated in FIG. 4. The vial 102 may then beadvanced in the direction of the adapter 100, the tabs 146 cooperatingwith the first sections 132 of the slots 130 to guide the motion of thevial 102 so that it is primarily along the axis 122 of the spike 120.Therefore, the spike 120 will be advanced axially into the vial 102 sothat the spike passage 124 is in fluid communication with the receptacle144 of the vial 102. The spike passage 124 may also be in fluidcommunication with the equipment 152 via tubing 154.

To secure the vial adapter 100 to the vial 102, the vial 102 is rotatedor twisted about the axis 122. According to one embodiment of thepresent procedure, the vial 102 is rotated or twisted until the tabs 146traverse the entire length of the second sections 134 of the slots 130,such that the tabs 146 move along the section sections 134 between thestate illustrated in FIG. 4 and the state illustrated in FIG. 5. Thestate illustrated in FIG. 4 may be referred to as the unlocked state,while the state in FIG. 5 may be referred to as the locked state. Withthe vial 102 in the locked state, the equipment 152 may automaticallyadminister the contents of the vial 102 during the normal operation ofthe equipment 152.

Having thus described the structure and exemplary uses of the systemincluding the vial adapter 100 and the vial 102 in general terms, thedetails of each of these elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 1-7 and thevariants of FIGS. 8-18 are now discussed.

Returning to FIGS. 1 and 2, as mentioned above, the vial adapter 100includes the base 110. As illustrated, the base 110 is a disk having acircular or near-circular shape. As will be recognized, it is notnecessary for the base 110 to be circular or near-circular according toall embodiments. Moreover, the disk has a dimension along the axis 122of the spike 120 that is significantly smaller than its dimensions in aplane in which the disk is disposed (for example, its diameter). It willalso be recognized that this is not a requirement of the invention, butmerely an aspect of the embodiment as illustrated.

The skirt 116 depends from the first side 112 of the base 110. Asillustrated, the skirt 116 has a wall 160 that is generally annular incross-section in a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis 122 of thespike 120. The wall 160 has an outer surface 162 and an inner surface164, the inner surface 164 and a surface 166 of the base 110 cooperatingto define the space 118 (see FIGS. 1 and 3). While the outer and innersurfaces 162, 164 are cylindrical as illustrated, it will be recognizedthat the inner and outer surfaces 162, 164 may have other geometries aswell. Because of the cylindrical geometry of the vial 102, thecylindrical surfaces 162, 164 may be particularly well suited for use invarious embodiments of the vial adapter 100 illustrated herein.

As mentioned above, the skirt 116 has at least one slot 130. Asspecifically illustrated, the skirt 116 includes two slots 130. As notedabove, additional slots 130 may be included, or the slot 130 may even beremoved altogether (see the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 15, forexample). The illustrated slots 130 are identical in shape andstructure, and are disposed at regular intervals (e.g., spaced by 180degrees or opposite from each other) about the periphery of the skirt116. According to other embodiments, the slots 130 may differ in shapeor structure, and need not be disposed at regular intervals about theperiphery of the skirt 116. Without wishing to be bound by a mechanismof operation, it is believed that regular intervals (for example, 180degrees, 90 degrees, etc.) may facilitate better distribution of forcesabout the skirt 116.

It will be recognized that the first and second sections 132, 134 of theslot 130 each have first ends 170, 172 and second ends 174, 176. Thefirst end 170 of the first section 132 is open, while the second end 176of the second section 134 is closed. The second end 174 of the firstsection 132 is connected to the first end 172 of the second section 134.

Each slot 130 has an L-shaped profile, with the first and secondsections 132, 134 of each slot 130 connected at right angles to eachother. That is, to the extent that the first section 132 of the slot 130is parallel to the longitudinal axis 122 of the spike 120, the secondsection 134 lies in a plane that is orthogonal to the longitudinal axis122. Alternatively, the first and second sections 132, 134 may bedisposed at non-right angles to each other, such that the second section134 has an upward or a downward slant relative to the first section 132.

Moreover, in the first and second sections 132, 134 of the slots 130 areof uniform width as illustrated. That is, to the extent that the firstsection 132 of the slot 130 is defined by edges 180, 182, the edges 180,182 are spaced by an equal distance from each other continuously fromthe first end 170 to the second end 174 of the section 132. Similarly,the second section 134 of the slot 130 is defined by edges 190, 192 thatare spaced by an equal distance from each other from the first end 172to a second end 176 of the section 134. Alternatively, the distances mayvary continuously or discontinuously along the edges 180, 182, 190, 192.Certain embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 9-13 illustrate certainembodiments where the distances vary over particular regions of theedges to define regions of non-uniform width, the purpose and functionof these regions explained in detail below.

The second sections 134 of the slots 130 may extend about thelongitudinal axis 122 in a single direction about the longitudinal axis122, as best illustrated in FIGS. 1, 4 and 5. This facilitates the useof a simple rotating or twisting motion in a single angular direction toengage the tabs 146 in the slots 130, as will be explained in detailbelow. It is possible for the slots 130 to instead depend in eitherdirection from the first section 132, permitting the tabs 146 to engagein the slots 130 without regard for the angular direction (clockwise orcounterclockwise) of the rotating or twisting motion.

As illustrated in the embodiment of FIGS. 1-6, the slots 130 extendthrough the wall 160 of the skirt 116 from the outer surface 162 to theinner surface 164. This facilitates use of tabs 146 that may dependbeyond the outer surface 162, thereby providing a visible indication ofthe degree to which the vial adapter 100 and the vial 102 have beenengaged with each other. However, it will be recognized that the slots130 need not extend through the wall 160 from the inner surface 164 tothe outer surface 162. The slots 130 could extend to a depth within thewall 160 that is smaller than the width of the wall 160. Such anembodiment may require a thicker wall 160 than is illustrated toaccommodate a slot 130 of suitable depth for a particular application,but it will be recognized that the relative depth of the slot 130 andthe thickness of the wall 160 may be selected according to thecircumstances of a particular embodiment.

As noted above, the spike 120 depends from the first side 112 of thebase 110 into the space 118. The spike 120 illustrated in FIGS. 1-6 hasa generally tubular, cylindrical shaft 200 that ends in a solid, conicalhead 202 as best seen in FIG. 4. The spike 120 has a passage 124, whichpassage 124 may be defined by an inner surface 204 of the tubular shaft200. The passage 124 may be in fluid communication with at least oneaperture 206 that is formed in the spike 120; in the illustratedembodiment of FIGS. 1-6, two apertures 206 are formed in the shaft 200and extend through a wall 208 of the shaft 200 between the inner surface204 and an outer surface 210. The two apertures 206 are disposedopposite each other across the longitudinal axis 122 of the spike 120(see FIG. 1). In various embodiments, more than two apertures 206 may bepresent in the shaft 200.

As will be recognized with reference to FIGS. 8-15, the shape of thespike 120 may vary considerably, relative to the size and shape of theshaft 200 and the head 202, as well as the placement of the apertures206. It will also be recognized that the spike 120 may be made ofmaterials different than are used to form the remainder of the vialadapter 100. These variants will be discussed in greater deal below.

As is also illustrated in FIGS. 1-6, vial adapter 100 may include abiasing mechanism 220. The biasing mechanism 220 may be in the form of aresilient pad or elastomer disposed about the spike 120 and dependinginto the space 118, and in particular into the space 118 in thedirection of the end or tip of the spike 120. This resilient pad orelastomer 220 may be in the form of a disk having an annular shape asviewed along the longitudinal axis 122 of the spike 120, although thisis a non-limiting example. The shape and thickness (as measured in adimension along the longitudinal axis 122 of the spike 120) of theresilient pad 220 may vary in other embodiments. The biasing mechanismmay also be in the form of a spring (such as a coil or leaf spring)instead. According to certain embodiments, such as the embodimentillustrated, the biasing mechanism 220 may be attached to the base 110of the adapter 100 about the spike 120, although this need not be thecase in all embodiments.

If the biasing mechanism 220 has been included, as has been illustratedin FIGS. 1-6, the biasing mechanism 220 will exert a force on the firstend 142 of the vial 102 in a direction away from the base 110 of theadapter 100, which may cause misalignment between the tabs 146 and thesecond section 134 of the slot 130 during insertion of the vial 102 inthe adapter 100. A counter force may be required to permit the alignmentof and movement of the tabs 146 in the second sections 134 of the slots130. It will be recognized that when the axial force applied to theadapter 100 in the direction of the vial 102 is removed, the biasingmechanism 220 will encourage the tabs 146 to cooperate with the skirt116 to inhibit movement of the tabs 146 along the second section 134 ofthe slot 130.

In the particular embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, the apertures 206 have anelongated shape with first and second ends 230, 232 that are axiallyspaced from each other (see FIG. 1). Without wishing to be bound by amechanism of operation, it is believed that the elongated shape of theapertures 206 facilitates removal of the entire product from the vial102. However, it will be recognized that the apertures 206 may haveother shapes as well.

As noted above, these structures of the vial adapter 100 cooperate withthe vial 102, which is now described in detail with reference to FIGS. 3and 6.

The vial 102 includes a container 240 with an inner surface 242 thatdefines the receptacle 144. The container 240 may be made of glass, forexample. The container 240 has a first open end 244 at the first end 140of the vial 102, and a second closed end 246 at the second end 142 ofthe vial 102. While the container 240 as shown has a single wall 248that defines the first and second ends 244, 246, the first and secondends 244, 246 may be formed separately so that the second end 246 may bemoveable relative to the first end 244 of the container 240.

The vial 102 also includes an exemplary sealing assembly 250 disposedover the open end 244, the sealing assembly 250 including a stopper 252and a seal 254. The stopper 252 has a first surface 256 facing the firstend 244 of the container 240, and a second surface 258 facing a firstend 260 of the seal 254. The seal 254 includes a first rim 262 disposedabout the first end 260 of the seal 254, which abuts the second surface258 of the stopper 252, and a second rim 264 disposed at a second end266 of the seal 254 that is disposed about a rim 268 formed at the firstend 244 of the container 240 to hold the sealing assembly 250 in placeon the container 240.

Extending from the seal 254 of the vial 250 are the tabs 146. As will berecognized with reference to FIGS. 16 and 17, the tabs 146 may extendfrom the seal 254 according to any of a number of different structuraldevices, including being formed (e.g., molded) as a single unit with theseal 254, carried on separate structures that are fastened to or aboutthe seal 254, etc. As illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, the tabs 146 asillustrated lie along an axis 270 so that the tabs 146 are disposed 180degrees from each other, or opposite across from each other. It ispossible to vary this spatial distribution of the tabs 146 about thefirst end 140 of the vial 102, as noted above. In addition, while thetabs 146 have a cross-section that is rectangular in a plane orthogonalto the axis 270, as is illustrated below in FIGS. 8-14 the cross-sectionof the tabs 146 may vary as well.

As noted above, the purpose of the vial adapter 100 is to connect thevial 102 to a secondary device, machine or system. Consequently, invarious embodiments, the adapter 100 includes the connector 126, whichis adapted to attach to the device or system. The connector 126 may havea wall 280 with an exterior surface 282 that is threaded. Similarly, thesyringe 150 may have a collar 284 with an interior surface 286 that isthreaded. By engaging the threaded surfaces 282, 286, the syringe 150may be secured to the connector 126. With the syringe 150 secured to theconnector 126, a passage 290 of a luer tip 292 of the syringe 150 may bein fluid communication with the passage 128 of the connector 126 and/orthe passage 124 of the spike 120. In other embodiments, however, theconnector 126 may have an exterior surface 282 that is not threaded.

As noted above with reference to the details of the embodiment of FIGS.1-6, there are a large number of variants possible. Certain of thesevariants are illustrated in FIGS. 8-17.

For example, in the variant of FIG. 8, the embodiment is similar indetail to the embodiment of FIGS. 1-6 as to the base, skirt, spike andconnector. However, unlike the embodiment of FIGS. 1-6, no biasingmechanism is provided. According to such an embodiment, it is notnecessary to apply an axial force to the vial when rotating the adapterrelative to the vial to secure the adapter to the vial. Of course, it isalso true that the biasing mechanism is not available to apply a forceto encourage the tabs of the vial into engagement with the slot todiscourage movement of the tabs relative to the slot in the lockedstate.

FIGS. 9-13 illustrate additional variants that differ according to oneaspect relative to the embodiment in FIGS. 1-6 in that the variants donot have first and second sections of the corresponding slots that areof uniform width from one end to the other. In particular, theembodiments of FIGS. 9-13 illustrate variants that include a slot in theskirt that has a second section with at least a region wherein the widthis greater over some portion of that region than it is in the remainderof the section of the slot. As illustrated, these regions of greaterwidth define geometric shapes that may conform to a tab attached to avial, for example to differentiate one vial containing a specificcomposition from another vial containing a different composition.

For example, FIG. 9 is an embodiment of a vial adapter 300 with a skirt302 having two slots 304. Each slot 304 may have a first section 306that extends parallel to a longitudinal axis 308 of a spike 310, and asecond section 312 extending in an arc about the longitudinal axis 308and connected to the first section 306.

It will be recognized that the first and second sections 306, 312 of theslots 304 each have first ends 320, 322 and second ends 324, 326. Thefirst end 320 of the first section 306 is open, while the second end 326of the second section 312 is closed. The second end 324 of the firstsection 306 is connected to the first end 322 of the second section 312.

Each slot 304 has an J-shaped profile, with the first and secondsections 306, 312 of each slot 304 connected at right angles to eachother. The J-shape of the slot 304 is caused by the fact that the secondsection 312 has a region 330 that has a width that is larger than aremainder 332 of the section 312 of the slot 304. In particular, theregion 330 the second section 312 of the slot 304 is defined by edges334, 336, the edges 334, 336 are spaced by an equal distance from eachother continuously from one end to the other end of the region 330.Similarly, the remainder 332 of the second section 312 is defined byedges 338, 340 that are spaced by an equal distance from each other fromone end to the other end. However, the distance between the edges 334,336 is larger than spacing between the edges 338, 340.

Because of the varying widths of the second section 312 of the slots 304in FIG. 9, the region 330 of the section 312 appears to have arectangular shape. This rectangular shape may conform to that of thecross-section of the tab 146 of the vial 102, such as is illustrated inFIGS. 3-6. When used in combination with a biasing mechanism 350, asillustrated, and when the axial force is removed from the adapter 300during the assembly procedure, the tabs 146 will be move into the region330, thereby providing an even more secure attachment between the vialadapter 300 and the vial 102 in that the movement of the tabs 146 willbe resisted by the axially-oriented wall 352.

It will be recognized that a similarly shaped slot with rectangularregion is illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 13. It will also be recognizedthat variants are possible, for example, where the width of the secondsection of the slot in the region of greater width is not uniform (i.e.,continuously the same distance between opposing edges), but varies. Forexample, as illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12, different geometric shapesmay be defined, such as a semi-circle or a triangle, where the width ofthe region of greater width varies. It will also be recognized that ifvials are used having tabs of different cross-section, a visual and/ortactile warning may be provided to the user if the vial having aparticular cross-section is used with an adapter that has a slot that isdoes not have a mating or conforming shape (e.g., a tab of rectangularcross-section being used with a slot having a region of semicircularshape).

FIGS. 10-13 also illustrate variants that differ according to anotheraspect relative to the embodiment in FIGS. 1-6 in that the variants ofFIGS. 10-13 include a different spike. For example, in the embodimentsof FIGS. 10-12, the vial adapters have a spike with a head with across-section in plane orthogonal to a longitudinal axis that is largerthan a cross-section of the shaft, while the vial adapter in FIG. 13 hasa spike that is not formed as one piece (i.e., integrally with) with thebase, skirt and connector.

Turning first to FIG. 10, an adapter 400 includes a spike 402 with ashaft 404 and a head 406. As mentioned above, the spike 402 differs fromthe spike 120, for example, in that the head 406 has a cross-section ina plane orthogonal to a longitudinal axis that is larger than across-section of the shaft 404. As will be recognized, the cross-sectionof the head 406 is not larger than the cross-section of the shaft 404 atall points along an axis 408 of the spike 402. Instead, the head 406 hasat least one cross-section that defines a surface 410 that faces asurface 412 of a base 414 of the adapter 400.

The surface 410 may be used to further secure the vial 102 to theadapter 400. That is, once the spike 402 has been advanced into thestopper 252, the stopper 252 will be disposed between the facingsurfaces 410, 412, and the surface 410 will inhibit the relativemovement of the vial 102 and the adapter 400 along the axis 408. Thesurface will act on the inner surface of the stopper 252 to inhibitrelative movement of the vial 102 and the adapter 400 along the axis 408even before the adapter 400 is rotated or twisted relative to the vial102 to engage the tabs 146 in slots 420 in skirt 422.

Along similar lines, FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of an adapter 450that does not include slots in the skirt (and consequently does notrequire tabs on the vial), but instead uses a spike having a head with across-section in a plane orthogonal to its longitudinal axis that islarger than a cross-section of the shaft to secure the adapter 450 to avial. In particular, the vial adapter 450 includes a base 452 havingfirst and second opposing sides 454, 456, and a spike 458 that dependsfrom the first side 454 of the base 452. The spike 458 has a shaft 460connected to the base 452 and a head 462 connected to the shaft 460, thehead 462 having a cross-section in a plane orthogonal to a longitudinalaxis 464 of the spike 458 that is larger than a cross-section of theshaft 460. The at least one cross-section defines a surface 466 thatfaces a surface 468 of the base 452 of the adapter 450.

To assist in holding the stopper of the vial against the surface 466, abiasing mechanism 480 is disposed about the spike 458 on the surface466. As illustrated, the biasing mechanism 480 is in the form of aresilient pad. The pad 480 provides a force along the axis 464 to urge astopper disposed between the opposing surfaces 466, 468 against thesurface 466. In doing so, the inner surface of the stopper would be heldagainst the surface 466.

The spike 458 is also provided with an aperture 490 disposed along theaxis 464. The aperture 490 is in fluid communication with a passage thatruns through the spike 458. The passage that runs through the spike 458is, in turn, in communication with a passage that runs through aconnector 492 that is disposed on the second side 456 of the base 452.With the stopper urged against the surface 466 of the spike 458, theaperture 490 will be disposed in such a fashion as to permit, assist orencourage almost the entire contents of the vial to pass through theadapter 450.

In comparing the spikes 402, 458, it will be recognized that the shapeof the head 406, 462 varies, between that of a conical sectional and atruncated conical section. However, the embodiments according to thisvariant are not limited to only conical shapes. For example, the headmay have the shape of a pyramid or truncated pyramid instead, or may besubstantially triangular in shape. Other variants are possible.

As mentioned previously, a still further embodiment of a spike that maybe used with the adapters discussed herein is illustrated in FIG. 13.According to this embodiment, an adapter 500 includes a base 502, skirt504, and connector 506 that are formed (e.g., molded) as a single unit,from polycarbonate, for example. In addition, the adapter 500 includes aspike 508 that made from metal, for example in the form of asharp-pointed metal cannula. The metal spike 508 may be attached to thebase 502 using an adhesive, for example, or by molding the base 502about and end of the spike 508. Otherwise, the embodiment is similar to,for example, the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9.

As a still further variant, an adapter 600 is illustrated in FIG. 14.Unlike the adapters illustrated in FIGS. 1-13, the adapter 600 has askirt 602 with a single slot 604. The slot 604 is similar in otherregards to the slot 130 of the adapter 100 in FIGS. 1 and 2, forexample. While two or more regularly spaced slots, such as areillustrated in FIGS. 1-13 may assist to balancing the forces on the tabs146 to a greater degree, it is believed, without wishing to be bound bya mechanism of operation, that even the use of a single slot 604 maystill provide advantages according to the present disclosure.

In a final note regarding variants in regard to the present disclosure,FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrate different embodiments of the seal used withthe adapters and vials illustrated in the Figures.

FIG. 16 illustrates the seal 254 of FIGS. 3 and 6, wherein the tabs 146are formed (e.g., molded) as a single piece with the remainder of theseal 254, from polycarbonate for example. It will be recognized that thetabs 146 may also be formed by deforming the wall of a conventionalmetal seal as well. It will also be recognized that the tabs 146 may beformed separately from the remainder of the seal, and then attached in aseparate step.

FIG. 17 illustrates a further option for securing tabs to a seal.According to this embodiment, the seal 700 includes two portions: afirst collar 702 that would fit over and around a first end of acontainer and a stopper, similar to the seal 254 illustrated in FIG. 1,and a second collar 704 that would be disposed about the first collar702 and carry tabs 706 adapted to cooperate with any of the vialadapters illustrated in FIGS. 1-13. Specifically, the second collar 704includes two separate arcs 708, 710 that are joined together at theirends 712, 714 to define the collar 704. As illustrated, each arc 708,710 carries one of the tabs 706, although according to otherembodiments, only one arc 708, 710 may carry a tab 706 (for use with theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 14, for example), or each arc 708, 710may carry more than one tab 706.

Each arc 708, 710 may also include a fastener 720, 722 used to securethe ends 712, 714 of the arcs 708, 710 together. As illustrated, thefasteners 720, 722 define a pair of interlocking hooks, which hookssecure the ends 712, 714 together to secure the collar 704 to the collar702. It will be recognized that other variants are possible, including avariant wherein the arcs 708, 710 are integrally formed (e.g., molded asa single unit) at one of the junctions between the ends 712, 714, andthe other junction has ends 712, 714 with fasteners 720, 722. For thatmatter, the ends 712, 714 may be secured to each other through a morepermanent joining process (e.g., ultrasonic welding) once the arcs 708,710 are in position, rather than include mating fastener pairs. Further,the hook fasteners illustrated are simply an exemplary embodiment forthe fasteners 720, 722, which may take other forms as well.

It will be recognized that while tabs 146 or 706 are illustrated asbeing rectangular in shape in FIGS. 16 and 17, the shape may vary inother embodiments of the seal depending on the shape of the slot orslots in the vial adapter.

It will also be recognized that any of the seals illustrated herein maybe used in conjunction with a cap or lid, as is illustrated in FIG. 18.In particular, the seal 700 has a cap or lid 800 disposed over the seal700 at a first end 802 of the collar 702. This cap 800 may be attachedto the stopper (not shown) associated with the seal 700, or it may beattached to the seal 700 directly. Prior to use, the cap 800 is removedfrom the seal 700, by placing an edge of a thumb or finger under one oftwo illustrated flaps 804, and applying an upward (as illustrated inFIG. 18) force to the flap 804 to “flip” the cap 800 off of the seal700. With the cap 800 removed, the vial associated with the seal 700 maybe used with the vial adapter 100, as explained in detail above.

Aspects of the above-mentioned embodiments may be combined to address afurther issue involved with the use of adapters used to connectsyringes, lines and the like to vials, such as those illustrated herein,where the adapter is designed to be advanced into a stopper that closesoff the open end of the vial. The issue that can arise with the use ofsuch adapters is illustrated in FIG. 19.

A vial 850 includes a container 852 with an open end 854. The vial 850also includes a sealing assembly 856 disposed over the open end 854, thesealing assembly 856 including a stopper 858 and a seal, or crimp ring,860. The stopper 858 has an inner surface 862. Attached to the vial 850is a vial adapter 870 having a spike 872 that advances into the stopper858 as the spike is advanced in the direction of arrow A.

As illustrated, when the spike 872 of the vial adapter 870 advances intothe stopper 858, the inner surface 862 of the stopper 858 is displacedfrom a first position to a second position, at least in the immediateregion surrounding the spike 872. The displacement of the inner surface862 causes an annular volume 874 to form about the spike 872, whichvolume cannot be accessed by the spike 872. Even after the remainder ofthe contents of the container 852 have been drained from the container852 (and hence the vial 850), some portion of the contents may remaintrapped in the annular volume 874, and may be referred herein to as atrapped residual volume.

It has been determined that one way to address the displacement of theinner surface 862 is to withdraw the spike 872 in the direction of arrowB. The motion of the spike 872 in the direction of arrow B causesmovement of the stopper 858, and in particular the inner surface 862,back to the neutral position. Of course, if the spike 872 is withdrawntoo far, the spike 872 may become occluded by the stopper 858, or mayeven permit material to leak from the container 852. If the contents ofthe vial 850 are very expensive, such that it is advantageous and/orhighly desirable to access even the trapped residual volume, then a lessthan optimal draining of the vial 850 caused by occlusion of the spike872 or losses through leakage are to be avoided.

As consequence, FIGS. 20-61 illustrate a number of vial adapters thatinclude features for controlled withdrawal of the spike associated withthe vial adapter after advancing into the vial stopper by the spike. Thecontrolled withdrawal is intended to prevent occlusion of the spike bythe stopper if the distance of the withdrawal is too great, and also toprevent leakage from the combination of the vial adapter and vial.

To this end, a number of the alternative vial adapters include a biasingmechanism, often in the form of spring, similar to those vial adaptersdiscussed above. See FIGS. 20-31. Consequently, while the distancetraveled by the spike in the illustrations of FIGS. 20-31 may appearlarger that the distance traveled in the illustrations of FIGS. 1-18,there may be commonality of structure and action on this point betweenthe embodiments.

Furthermore, although many of the embodiments of the vial adapters inFIGS. 20-61 may include one or more radially, inwardly directedprotrusions, tabs, or hooks, which grip an end of the vial to preventseparation of the vial adapter from the vial, it will be recognized byone skilled in the art that the slot-and-tab mechanism for locking thevial adapter to the vial in the embodiments in FIGS. 1-18 may besubstituted therefor. In this regard, it is particularly noted that theslot-and-tab mechanism would also permit for the spike to be withdrawnin a direction away from the vial after advancing into the vial stopperby the vial adapter spike. Consequently, while the substitution of theslot-and-tab mechanism is not illustrated in substitution for theradially, inwardly directed protrusions and the like, such asubstitution is possible and within the scope of the present disclosure.In fact, in those instances where the vial adapter is rotated about theaxis of the vial adapter spike, the slot-and-tab arrangement discussedabove may be of particular interest for limiting the distance ofwithdrawal of the spike from the vial.

Furthermore, it will be recognized that having a separately formed spikefor the vial adapter is contemplated by the embodiments of FIGS. 1-18.As such, the separation of the vial adapter spike from the remainder ofvial adapter may be more apparent in the embodiments of FIGS. 20-61, theseparation is one of degree, rather than completely different in kind.

Starting then with the variant illustrated in FIGS. 20-22, and turningfirst to FIG. 20, it will be recognized that a vial 900 and a vialadapter 902 (which may also be referred to as a vial adapter assembly)are illustrated prior to the vial adapter 902 being attached to the vial900. While the vial 900 and vial adapter 902 are illustrated with thevial adapter 902 disposed above the vial 900, this should not be takenas a limitation of the use of the vial adapter 902 with the vial, forthe combination could have as easily been illustrated in the orientationillustrated in FIG. 19, or at any angle between these orientations. Thisis true of the other illustrations of the embodiments of FIGS. 20-61.

The vial adapter 902 includes a base 910 having first and secondopposing sides 912, 914 (see FIGS. 21 and 22 as well). A tubular skirt916 may depend from the first side 912 of the base 910, the tubularskirt 916 bounding a space 918 to receive the vial 900. A spike 920 maydepend from the first side 912 of the base 910 into the space 918. Thespike 920 may have a longitudinal axis 922 and a spike passageway 924(see FIGS. 21 and 22). The vial adapter 902 may also include a connector926 disposed on the second side 914 of the base 910, the connector 914having a connector passageway 928 that is in fluid communication withthe spike passageway 924 (see FIGS. 21 and 22). The base 910, skirt 916,spike 920 and connector 926 may be formed (e.g., molded) as a singleunit out of polycarbonate, for example.

The vial adapter 902 also includes a biasing mechanism 930, in the formof a conical coil spring. While the biasing mechanism 930 is illustratedseparated from the remainder of the vial adapter 902 in FIG. 20, thebiasing mechanism would typically inserted into the space 918 prior tothe vial adapter 902 being attached or connected to the vial 900. Inparticular, the vial adapter 902 may include a cylindrical platform 932that depends from the side 912 of the base 910, and an end 934 isreceived about the platform 932 so as to grasp the platform 932 aboutits periphery and thereby attach the spring 930 to the remainder of thevial adapter 902. A second end 936 of the spring 930 cooperates with asurface 938 of the vial 900 as will be explained relative to FIGS. 21and 22.

The vial adapter 902 also includes a plurality of inwardly, radiallydirected protrusions, projections or tabs 940. The tabs 940 each have asurface 942 that cooperates with a surface 944 of the vial 900 oppositethe surface 938 to prevent separation of the vial adapter 902 from thevial 900. However, as will be explained in regard to FIGS. 21 and 22,the distance between the surface 912 of the base 910 and the surfaces942 of the tabs 940 is such that the surfaces 942, 944 do not come incontact with the spring 930 fully compressed.

The operation of the vial adapter 902 is now discussed relative to theillustrations of FIGS. 21 and 22. Initially, the vial adapter 902 isadvanced in the direction of arrow A in FIG. 21 such that the spike 920comes in contact with a stopper 950 of the vial 900. At this time, theprotrusions 940 come in contact with a crimp ring 952 that holds thestopper 950 in place on the vial 900. The cooperation between theprotrusions 940 and the crimp ring 952 forces the skirt 916 of the vialadapter 902 radially outward, until the spike 920 is advanced into thestopper 950 to such an extent that the protrusions 940 are receivedwithin the neck 954 of the vial 900 (see FIG. 20), this section of thevial 900 being smaller in diameter that the section about which thecrimp ring 952 is disposed. At this point, the skirt 916 moves radiallyinwardly. The spring 930 is partially or fully compressed between thesurfaces 912, 938 of the vial adapter 902 and the vial 900,respectively.

As will be recognized relative to FIG. 21, there is a gap in thelongitudinal direction between the surfaces 942, 944 of the vial adapter902 and the vial 900 with the spring 930 compressed as in FIG. 21. Thesize of the gap will be selected according to the desired motion of thevial adapter 902 so as to withdraw the spike 920 the desired distancefrom the stopper 950 to cause the stopper 950, and in particular asurface 958, to assume a shape similar to that as in the relaxed state,i.e., prior to the spike 920 advancing into the stopper 950. Asillustrated in FIG. 22, when the downward force represented by thedirection of the arrow A in FIG. 21 is removed, then the spring 930applies an upward force represented by the direction of the arrow B inFIG. 22. This upward force moves the vial adapter 902 in the directionof the arrow B until the surfaces 942, 944 abut, at which point furthermotion in the direction of the arrow B is prevented.

The embodiments of FIGS. 23 -31 share a commonality with the embodimentof FIGS. 20-22 in that all of these embodiments utilize a biasingmechanism or spring to provide a biasing or return force to move thevial adapter, or that portion of the vial adapter associated with thespike, away from the vial, and consequently away from the stopper.However, even a brief inspection of the figures will evidence thevariety among the embodiments as to the placement of the biasingmechanism, and the manner in which the biasing or return force may beapplied to the spike to move it away from the stopper.

Similar to FIG. 21, FIG. 23 illustrates a system including a vial 980and a vial adapter 982 (which may also be referred to as a vial adapterassembly) prior to the vial adapter 982 being attached to the vial 980.While aspects of the vial adapter 982 have been separated intophysically divisible and separable sections, the operation of the vialadapter 982 is generally the same as that of the vial adapter 902illustrated in FIGS. 20-22. That is, the vial adapter 982 includes abiasing mechanism 984 (in the form of a coil spring) that applies abiasing or return force to the remainder of the vial adapter 902 to movea spike 986 associated with the vial adapter 902 away from the vial 900,and cause a stopper 988 associated with the vial 900 to deflect to limitor prevent a trapped residual volume from forming.

As to the structure of the vial adapter 982, the vial adapter 982includes two subassemblies 1000, 1002, in addition to the spring 984.

The first subassembly includes the tubular skirt 1004 that depends froma first end 1006 to a second end 1008, the tubular skirt 1004 bounding aspace 1010 to receive the vial 980. Attached to the skirt 1004 are aplurality of inwardly, radially directed protrusions, projections ortabs 1012. The tabs 1012 each have a surface 1014 that cooperates with asurface 1016 of the vial 982 to prevent separation of the vial adapter982 from the vial 980 similar to surfaces 942, 944 of the variant ofFIGS. 20-22.

The second subassembly 1002 includes a base 1020 with a first side 1022and a second side 1024, the spike 986 depending from the first side 1022and a connector 1026 depend from the second side 1024. The spike 986 andthe connector 1026 may both have passageways 1028, 1030 (see FIG. 24).The second subassembly 1012 may also include a platform 1032 about theperiphery of which an end 1034 of the biasing mechanism 984 is received.The base 1020, spike 986, connector 1026, and platform 1032 may beformed (e.g., molded) as a single unit out of polycarbonate, forexample.

The embodiment of FIGS. 26-28 is in most respects similar to that of theembodiment of FIGS. 23-25. As such, a common numbering system has beenutilized for the embodiment of FIGS. 26-28, except that the referencenumerals used for the embodiment of FIGS. 26-28 are followed withprimes. In particular, it will be recognized that the vial assembly 982′of the embodiment of FIGS. 26-28 is similar to the vial assembly 982 ofFIGS. 23-25 in that the vial assembly 982′ includes first and secondsubassemblies 1000′, 1002′ and a biasing mechanism 984′, whichcollectively define the vial assembly 982′.

The difference is in regard to the structure and operation of thebiasing mechanism 984′. Unlike the biasing mechanisms of FIGS. 20-25,the biasing mechanism 984′ is not a coil spring. Instead, the biasingmechanism 984′ is a more in the nature of a spring washer or a leafspring, with multiple flexible legs that deflect under compression andthen return to their original orientation to provide the biasing orreturn force.

FIGS. 29-31 illustrate a further variant of the embodiments of FIGS.20-28 including a spring to provide a biasing or return force toautomatically withdraw an associated spike a given distance from astopper. Similar to the embodiment of FIGS. 20-22, and thus differentfrom the embodiments of FIGS. 23-28, the embodiment of FIGS. 29-31 has asingle assembly that includes skirt, spike, and connector. However, asecond assembly is also included that cooperates with the first assembly(and thus both assemblies may be referred to as subassemblies) to definethe embodiment of the vial adapter in FIGS. 29-31.

To begin then with FIG. 29, a vial 1060 and a vial adapter 1062 areillustrated. The vial adapter 1062 includes a first subassembly 1064, asecond subassembly 1066, and a biasing mechanism 1068 (in this case inthe form of a coil spring). As seen in FIGS. 30 and 31, the vial adapter1062 is disposed about the vial 1060 when fully assembled, and thus theexploded view of FIG. 29 is for illustration and discussion purposesonly.

The first subassembly 1064 includes a base 1070 having first and secondopposing sides 1072, 1074 (see FIGS. 30 and 31 as well). A tubular skirt1076 may depend from the first side 1072 of the base 1070, the tubularskirt 1076 bounding a space 1078 to receive the vial 1060. A spike 1080may depend from the first side 1072 of the base 1070 into the space1078. The spike 1080 may have a longitudinal axis 1082 (see FIG. 29) anda spike passageway 1084. The vial adapter 1072 may also include aconnector 1086 disposed on the second side 1074 of the base 1070, theconnector 1074 having a connector passageway 1088 that is in fluidcommunication with the spike passageway 1084. The base 1070, skirt 1076,spike 1080 and connector 1086 may be formed (e.g., molded) as a singleunit out of polycarbonate, for example.

Unlike the embodiments of FIGS. 20-28, and more similar to theembodiments of FIGS. 1-18, the first subassembly 1064 does not includeradially inwardly directed protrusions, projections or tabs. Instead,the skirt 1076 includes at least two slots 1090 that are parallel to theaxis 1084 of the spike 1080. The slots 1090 have an open end 1092 and aclosed end 1094. The slots 1090 receive therein radially outwardlyprojecting tabs 1096 of the second subassembly 1066, which tabs 1096move along the slots 1090 to guide the first subassembly 1064 in arelatively axial motion relative to the vial 1060. The closed ends 1094resist further motion of the tabs 1096 in the axial direction, therebylimiting the movement of the spike 1080 into the vial 1060 as will beexplained. The slots 1090 include one or more projections or detents1098 that depend inwardly into the slot 1090. The detents 1098 areformed to permit the tabs 1096 to advance into the open ends 1092 andpast the detents 1098 during assembly of the vial adapter 1062, but thento resist separation of the first and second subassemblies 1064, 1066thereafter with a surface of the tabs 1096 abutting the detents 1098.

In assembly, the spring 1068 is disposed in the between the first andsecond subassemblies 1064, 1066. In particular, a first end 1100 of thespring 1068 abuts an edge 1102 of the skirt 1076, while a second end1104 of the spring 1068 abuts a radially outwardly depending shoulder1106 of the second subassembly 1066. With the tabs 1096 received in theslots 1090 and separation of the first and second subassemblies 1064,1066 resisted by the cooperation of the tabs 1096 and the detents 1098,the spring 1068 may be under a certain amount of initial compression,However, this need not be the case according to all embodiments.

In use, the entire vial adapter 1062 is fitted over the vial 1060 andbrought axially downwardly into contact with the vial 1060. The spike1080 advances into a stopper 1110 associated with the vial 1060 (seeFIG. 30). In doing so, the first subassembly 1064 also advances axiallytoward the second subassembly 1066, thereby compressing the spring 1068between the shoulder 1106 and edge 1102. The tabs 1096 also travel alongthe slots 1090 toward the closed ends 1094. The first assembly 1064 maycease its motion when the side 1072 of the base comes into contact withan upper surface 1112 of the vial 1060. Alternatively, the firstassembly 1064 may cease its axial motion upon full compression of thespring 1068, for example.

With the user grasping the second subassembly 1066, the user releasesthe first subassembly 1064. The biasing or return force of the spring1068 acts on the first subassembly 1064 through the interaction of thefirst end 1100 of the spring 1068 and the edge 1102 of the skirt 1076(see FIG. 31). This causes the first subassembly 1064 to move axiallyaway from the second subassembly 1066 and the vial 1060, thuswithdrawing the spike 1080 relative to the stopper 1110.

Having thus discussed a number of embodiments wherein the withdrawal ofa spike from a vial is controlled automatically and the force requiredto effect the withdrawal is provided through a mechanical deviceseparate and apart from the user, the discussion will now turn to anumber of embodiments of a vial adapter wherein the withdrawal of thespike relative to the vial is still controlled (or limited)automatically (i.e., by the device), but the force is provided by theuser directly.

In this regard, a vial 1120 and a vial adapter 1122 are illustrated inFIGS. 32-34. The vial adapter 1122, similar to those explained above,includes more than one subassembly. In particular, the vial adapter 1122includes a first subassembly 1124 and a second subassembly 1126. Thefirst and second subassemblies 1124, 1126 cooperate to facilitateremoval of a spike associated with the first subassembly 1124 apredetermined distance from the vial 1120 associated with the secondsubassembly 1126.

The first subassembly 1124 includes a base 1130 having first and secondopposing sides 1132, 1134 (see FIGS. 33 and 34 as well). A tubular skirt1136 may depend from the first side 1132 of the base 1130, the tubularskirt 1136 bounding a space 1138 to receive the vial 1120. A spike 1140may depend from the first side 1132 of the base 1130 into the space1138. The spike 1140 may have a longitudinal axis 1142 and a spikepassageway 1144 (see FIGS. 33 and 34). The first subassembly 1124 mayalso include a connector 1146 disposed on the second side 1134 of thebase 1130, the connector 1146 having a connector passageway 1148 that isin fluid communication with the spike passageway 1144 (see FIGS. 33 and34). The base 1030, skirt 1036, spike 1040 and connector 1046 may beformed (e.g., molded) as a single unit out of polycarbonate, forexample.

The skirt 1136 has a first cylindrical region 1150 and a secondcylindrical region 1152 joined at a step or shoulder 1154. The firstcylindrical region 1150 accepts an end of the vial 1120, while thesecond cylindrical region 1152 accepts the vial 1120 and the secondsubassembly 1126 fitted about the vial 1120. In particular the secondcylindrical region 1126 has an inner surface 1156 that cooperates with asurface 1158 of the second subassembly 1126 to resist or limit thewithdrawal of the spike 1140 from the vial 1120.

With reference to FIG. 32, the second subassembly 1126 includes a firstarcuate section 1170 and a second arcuate section 1172. The first andsecond sections 1170, 1172 are joined at first ends 1174, 1176 by ahinge 1178, a living hinge as illustrated. The hinge 1178 may be sizedso as to provide a biasing force to the first and second sections 1170,1172 as well, to urge the surfaces 1156, 1158 of the first and secondsubassemblies 1124, 1126 into engagement with each other. Second ends1180, 1182 of the first and second sections 1170, 1172 may also bejoined together once the second subassembly 1126 is fitted to the vial1120, preferably in a neck region 1184 of the vial 1120 (see FIG. 32).To this end the second end 1180 of the first section 1170 is providedwith a tongue 1186 that is received and secured within a groove 1188 inthe second end 1182 of the second section 1172.

As seen in FIGS. 33 and 34, the second subassembly 1126 is fitted ontothe neck 1184 of the vial 1102, with the tongue 1186 received within thegroove 1188 to secure the subassembly 1126 to the vial 1120. The firstsubassembly 1124 is then advanced along the axis 1142 in the directionof the vial 1120. The spike 1140 advances into a stopper 1190 until suchtime as a surface 1192 of the vial abuts or nearly abuts the side 1132of the base 1130. At the same time, the second subassembly 1126 isreceived within the second cylindrical region 1152 of the firstsubassembly 1124. To withdraw the spike 1140 from the stopper 1190, aforce or pair of forces is applied to the vial 1120 and the firstsubassembly 1124. The surfaces 1156, 1158 oppose the withdrawal of thesecond subassembly 1126 from the first subassembly 1124, and therebycontrol the amount of withdrawal of the spike 1140 from the stopper1190. In this regard, the inner surface 1156 of the region 1126 may betapered radially inwardly to oppose the withdrawal of the secondsubassembly 1126 from the first subassembly 1124; in addition, while notillustrated, an radially inwardly depending rim or lip may depend fromthe inner surface 1156 at any point along the surface 1156 or at theopen end of the second cylindrical region 1126 to cooperated with thesecond subassembly (or collar) 1126 to oppose the withdrawal of thesecond subassembly 1126 from the first subassembly 1124.

It will be recognized that the cooperation of the surfaces 1156, 1158 ofthe embodiment of FIGS. 32-34 may not be sufficiently controlled for alluses. However, the concept of a pair of surfaces moving in contact witheach other under a force applied by the user so as to control thewithdrawal of a spike from a vial is common throughout the embodimentsof FIGS. 32-40. Turning first to FIGS. 35-37, a vial 1200 and a vialadapter 1202 are illustrated. The vial adapter 1202 includes a firstsubassembly 1204 and a second subassembly 1206 that cooperate with eachother as explained in greater detail below.

The first subassembly 1204 includes a base 1210 having first and secondopposing sides 1212, 1214 (see FIGS. 36 and 37 as well). A tubular skirt1216 may depend from the first side 1212 of the base 1210, the tubularskirt 1216 bounding a space 1218 to receive the vial 1200. A spike 1220may depend from the first side 1212 of the base 1210 into the space 1218(see FIG. 35). The spike 1220 may have a longitudinal axis 1222 and aspike passageway 1224. The first subassembly 1204 may also include aconnector 1226 disposed on the second side 1214 of the base 1210, theconnector 1226 having a connector passageway 1228 that is in fluidcommunication with the spike passageway 1224. The base 1210, skirt 1216,spike 1220 and connector 1226 may be formed (e.g., molded) as a singleunit out of polycarbonate, for example.

The first subassembly 1204 also includes a shoulder 1230 disposedradially inwardly of the skirt 1216. The shoulder 1230 defines anarcuate, angled camming surface 1232. The second subassembly 1206includes a hollow, cylindrical surface 1234 with a first end 1236 havingan arcuate, angled camming surface 1238. The camming surfaces 1232, 1238mate to control the relative motion of the first and secondsubassemblies 1204, 1206 to as to control the withdrawal of the spike1220 from a stopper 1240 of the vial 1200 as follows.

In use, the combination of the first and second subassemblies 1204, 1206is advanced axially toward the vial 1200. The spike 1220 advances intothe stopper of the vial (similar to that illustrated in FIGS. 21 and 22,for example), and the vial adapter 1202 advances until a surface 1242 ofthe vial 1200 abuts or nearly abuts the side 1212 of the base 210 of thevial adapter. The surface 1232 of the shoulder 1230 faces the surface1232 of the second subassembly 1206 at this time.

At this point, the spike 1220 may be withdrawn from the stopper byrotating the first subassembly 1204 and/or the second subassembly 1206relative to each other. As the first and second subassemblies 1204, 1206rotate relative to each other, the surfaces 1232, 1238 abut against eachother and then move along each other, causing the first subassembly 1204to withdraw away from the second subassembly 1206 (compare FIG. 36 withFIG. 37). With sufficient rotational motion, the surface 1232 movesalong the surface 1238 until such time as the shoulder 1230 is receivedabove the end 1238 of the second subassembly 1206. At this point, thespike 1220 has been withdrawn from the vial 1200 the predetermined aboutto prevent formation of a trapped residual volume.

The embodiment of FIGS. 38-40 may be viewed as a continuation of theembodiment of FIGS. 35-37. That is, the camming surfaces 1232, 1238 maybe viewed as a single thread, while the embodiment of FIGS. 38-40involves multiple threads. As a consequence, the variant of FIGS. 38-40may provide a more secure connection between first and secondsubassemblies, as well as a finer degree of control of the separation ofthe first and second subassemblies relative to each other to effectuatethe separation of a spike from a stopper associated with a vial.

FIG. 38 illustrates the combination of a vial 1260 and a vial adapter1262. As mentioned above, the vial adapter 1262 includes a firstsubassembly 1264 and a second subassembly 1266.

The first subassembly 1264 includes a base 1270 having first and secondopposing sides 1272, 1274 (see FIGS. 39 and 40 as well). A tubular skirt1276 may depend from the first side 1272 of the base 1270, the tubularskirt 1276 bounding a space 1278 to receive the vial 1260. A spike 1280may depend from the first side 1272 of the base 1270 into the space1278. The spike 1280 may have a longitudinal axis 1282 and a spikepassageway 1284. The first subassembly 1264 may also include a connector1286 disposed on the second side 1274 of the base 1270, the connector1286 having a connector passageway 1288 that is in fluid communicationwith the spike passageway 1274. The base 1270, skirt 1276, spike 1280and connector 1286 may be formed (e.g., molded) as a single unit out ofpolycarbonate, for example.

The skirt 1276 also has an inner surface 1290 on which is formed atleast one thread 1292. The at least one thread 1292 may be a continuousthread, or as illustrated, the at least one thread 1292 may include oneor more discrete and separate thread segments. The at least one thread1292 mates with a similar thread 1294 formed on an outer surface 1296 ofa hollow, cylindrical housing 1298 that at least in part defines thesecond subassembly 1266. The threads 1292, 1294 operate to withdraw thespike 1280 in a controlled fashion according to the following method ofoperation.

In use, the combination of the first and second subassemblies 1264, 1266is advanced axially toward the vial 1260. The spike 1280 advances into astopper of the vial 1260, and the vial adapter 1262 advances until asurface 1302 of the vial 1260 abuts or nearly abuts the side 1272 of thebase 1270 of the vial adapter 1262. At this point, the spike 1280 may bewithdrawn from the stopper 1300 by rotating the first subassembly 1264and/or the second subassembly 1266 relative to each other. As the firstand second subassemblies 1264, 1266 rotate relative to each other, thethreads 1292, 1294 move one within the other, causing the firstsubassembly 1264 to withdraw away from the second subassembly 1266. Withsufficient rotational motion, the threads 1292, 1294 move one within theother until such time as the threads 1292 abut an end 1304 of the thread1294. At this point, the spike 1280 has been withdrawn from the vial1200 the predetermined about to prevent formation of a trapped residualvolume.

A still further alternative to the camming or threaded variants of FIGS.35-40 is illustrated in FIGS. 41-43. FIG. 41 illustrates a systemincluding a vial 1320 and a vial adapter 1322 (which may also bereferred to as a vial adapter assembly) prior to the vial adapter 1322being attached to the vial 1320. As to the structure of the vial adapter1322, the vial adapter 1322 includes two subassemblies 1324, 1326.

The first subassembly 1324 includes the tubular skirt 1330 that dependsfrom a first end 1332 to a second end 1334, the tubular skirt 1330bounding a space 1336 to receive the vial 1330. Attached to the skirt1330 are a plurality of inwardly, radially directed protrusions,projections or tabs 1338. The tabs 1338 each have a surface 1340 thatcooperates with a surface 1342 of the vial 1320 to prevent separation ofthe vial adapter 1322 from the vial 1320.

The tubular skirt 1330 also includes flaps 1350 defined in the skirt1330 by a U-shaped slot in a wall of the skirt 1330. While the presentillustration includes three such flaps 1350, it will be recognized thata lesser number (e.g., two) or a greater number (e.g., four) may be usedinstead. Each of the flaps 1350 includes a radially inwardly directedwedge 1352 with a surface 1354. The cooperation of the wedge 1352 withthe other structures of the vial adapter 1322 and its role in theoperation of the withdrawal of an associated spike will be discussed ingreater detail below.

The second subassembly 1326 includes a base 1360 with a first side 1362and a second side 1364, a spike 1366 (with an axis 1368) depending fromthe first side 1362 and a connector 1370 depend from the second side1364. The spike 1366 and the connector 1370 may both have passageways1372, 1374 (see FIG. 41). The base 1360 may also have an inclined edge1376 that will cooperate with the wedge surface 1354 as explained below.The base 1360, spike 1366, and connector 1370 may be formed (e.g.,molded) as a single unit out of polycarbonate, for example.

The second subassembly 1326, or at least the base 1360 of the secondsubassembly 1326, is received within the first subassembly 1324 in thespace 1336. In particular, the base 1360 may be disposed in the space1336 between the first end 1332 of the skirt 1330 and the wedges 1352 ofthe flaps 1350. As such, the first and second subassemblies 1324, 1326are associated with each other for use relative to the vial 1320 as asingle unit.

In operation, the vial adapter 1322 is advanced in the direction of thevial 1320 so that the spike 1366 advances into a stopper associated withthe vial 1320 (similar to that illustrated in FIGS. 21 and 22, forexample). With the application of force to both the subassemblies 1324,1326 in the direction of the vial 1320, the spike 1366 further advancesinto the stopper 1380 and the tab 1338 is received in a neck 1382 of thevial 1320 such that the surfaces 1340, 1342 abut each other to resistseparation of the first subassembly 1324 from the vial 1320. As furtherforce is applied to the second subassembly 1326, the spike continues toadvance into the stopper 1380 until the surface 1362 abuts a surface1384 of the vial 1320.

As the second assembly 1326 advances in the direction of the vial 1320,the edge 1376 of the base 1360 cooperates with the wedges 1352 (an inparticular the surfaces 1354) to force the wedges 1352 radially outward.The surface 1384 of the vial 1320 may also force the wedges radiallyoutward as well. To withdraw the spike 1366 from the stopper 1380, aradially inward force is applied to the flaps 1350, and thus to theassociated wedges 1352 (see FIG. 43). As the wedges 1352 move radiallyinward, the surfaces 1354 and the edge 1376 cooperate, causing the wedge1352 to move radially inward between the surface 1384 and the side 1362of the base 1360. As the wedges 1352 continue to move radially inward,the base 1360 (and thus the spike 1366) move away from the vial 1320 adistance determined by the thickness of the wedges 1352.

It will be recognized that a variant of a system including a vial 1400and a vial adapter 1402 of FIGS. 41-43 is illustrated in FIGS. 44-46. Indistinction to the embodiment of FIGS. 41-43, the vial adapter 1420 ofFIGS. 44-46 may be applied to the vial 1400 as two subassemblies 1404,1406, but then the two subassemblies 1404, 1406 may be used in concertonce a spike is driven into a stopper of the vial 1400 to withdraw thespike relative to the stopper (and the vial 1400).

The first subassembly 1404 includes the tubular skirt 1410 that dependsfrom a first end 1412 to a second end 1414, the tubular skirt 1410bounding a space 1416 to receive the vial 1400. Attached to the skirt1410 are a plurality of inwardly, radially directed protrusions,projections or tabs 1418 (see FIGS. 45 and 46). The tabs 1418 eachdepend from a flap 1420 defined in the skirt 1410 by a U-shaped slot inthe wall of the skirt 1410. Each tab 1418 may have a surface 1422 thatcooperates with a surface 1424 of the vial 1400 to prevent separation ofthe vial adapter 1402 from the vial 1400.

The tubular skirt 1410 also includes flaps 1426 defined in the skirt1410 by a U-shaped slot in a wall of the skirt 1410. While the presentillustration includes three such flaps 1426, it will be recognized thata lesser number (e.g., two) or a greater number (e.g., four) may be usedinstead. Each of the flaps 1426 includes a radially inwardly directedwedge 1428 with a surface 1430. The cooperation of the wedge 1428 withthe other structures of the vial adapter 1402 and its role in theoperation of the withdrawal of an associated spike will be discussed ingreater detail below.

The second subassembly 1406 includes a base 1440 with a first side 1442(see FIGS. 45 and 46) and a second side 1444, a spike 1446 with an axis1448 depending from the first side 1442 and a connector 1450 depend fromthe second side 1444. The spike 1446 and the connector 1450 may bothhave passageways 1452, 1454. The base 1440 may also have an inclinededge 1456 that will cooperate with the wedge surface 1430 as explainedbelow. The base 1440, spike 1446, and connector 1450 may be formed(e.g., molded) as a single unit out of polycarbonate, for example.

In operation, the vial 1400 is disposed in the skirt 1410 such that thetabs 1418 are received in a neck 1458 of the vial 1400 such that thesurfaces 1422, 1424 abut each other to resist separation of the firstsubassembly 1404 from the vial 1400. The second subassembly 1406 is thendisposed in the end 1414 of the skirt 1410 and advanced in the directionof the vial 1400 so that the spike 1446 advances into a stopper 1460associated with the vial 1400. With the application of further force tothe subassembly 1406 in the direction of the vial 1400, the spike 1446further advances into the stopper 1460 until the surface 1442 abuts ornearly abuts a surface 1462 of the vial 1400 (see FIG. 45).

As the second assembly 1406 advances in the direction of the vial 1400,the edge 1456 of the base 1440 cooperates with the wedges 1438 to forcethem radially outward. To withdraw the spike 1446 from the stopper 1460,a radially inward force is applied to the flaps 1426, and thus to theassociated wedges 1428. As the wedges 1428 move radially inward, thesurfaces 1430 and the edge 1456 cooperate, causing the wedge 1428 tomove radially inward under the edge 1456 of the base 1440 (see FIG. 46).As the wedges 1428 continue to moves radially inward, the base 1440 (andthus the spike 1446) move away from the vial 1400 a distance determinedby the thickness of the wedges 1428.

As still further embodiment of a vial 1480 and vial adapter 1482 isillustrated in FIGS. 47-49. The vial adapter 1482 includes a base 1490having first and second opposing sides 1492, 1494. A tubular skirt 1496may depend from the first side 1492 of the base 1490, the tubular skirt1496 bounding a space 1498 to receive the vial 1480. A spike 1500 maydepend from the first side 1492 of the base 1490 into the space 1498.The spike 1500 may have a longitudinal axis 1502 and a spike passageway1504 (see FIG. 47). The vial adapter 1492 may also include a connector1506 disposed on the second side 1494 of the base 1490, the connector1506 having a connector passageway 1508 that is in fluid communicationwith the spike passageway 1504. The base 1490, skirt 1496, spike 1500and connector 1506 may be formed (e.g., molded) as a single unit out ofpolycarbonate, for example.

The vial adapter 1482 also includes a plurality of inwardly, radiallydirected protrusions, projections or tabs 1510. The tabs 1510 each havea surface 1512 that cooperates with a surface 1514 of the vial 1480 toprevent separation of the vial adapter 1482 from the vial 1480. However,the distance between the side 1492 of the base 1490 and the surface 1512of the tabs 1510 is such that the surfaces 1512, 1514 are not inabutment when the spike 1500 fully advances into the vial 1480 (i.e.,the side 1492 abuts a surface 1516 of the vial 1480). See FIG. 48.

The vial adapter 1482 also includes a spacer 1520. The spacer 1520cooperates with the vial 1480 and the remainder of the vial adapter 1480to automatically withdraw the spike 1500 a predetermined distance fromthe vial 1480. As illustrated, the spacer 1520 has an annular base 1522from which depend three legs 1524. It will be recognized that the numberof legs 1524 may be less than or greater than the number illustrated. Asillustrated in FIG. 47, each of the legs 1524 is attached at a first end1526 to the annular base 1522, and has a protrusion or hook 1528 at asecond end 1530 thereof. The legs 1522 are received within holes orapertures 1532 formed in the base 1490. Once the protrusions 1528 aredisposed through the holes 1532, the protrusions 1528 cooperate with thebase 1490 (and in particular the side 1492 of the base 1490) to preventthe spacer 1520 from be separated from the base 1490, and hence theremainder of the vial adapter 1482.

The operation of the vial adapter 1482 is now discussed relative to theillustrations of FIGS. 48 and 49. Initially, the vial adapter 1492 isadvanced in the direction of arrow A in FIG. 48 such that the spike 1500comes in contact with a stopper of the vial 1480. As the vial adapter1482 is advanced so that the spike 1500 advances into the stopper of thevial 1480, the ends 1430 of the legs 1524 of the spacer 1520 come intocontact with the surface 1516 of the vial 1480. As such, furtheradvancement of the vial adapter 1482 in the direction of the vial 1480causes the remainder of the vial adapter 1482 to move relative to thespacer 1520, until such time as the side 1492 of the base 1490 nearlyabuts the surface 1516 of the vial 1480.

To withdraw the spike 1500 relative to the stopper 1540 of the vial1480, the skirt 1496 of the vial adapter 1482 is grasped and a force isapplied upwardly to move the remainder of the vial adapter 1482 relativeto the spacer 1520. At the same time, a downward force is applied to thespacer 1520 to keep the ends 1530 of the legs 1524 in contact with thesurface 1516 of the vial 1480; preferably, this is done with the vial1480 on a countertop, for example. As will be recognized, these forceswill cause the remainder of the vial adapter 1482 to move relative tothe spacer 1520 until the side 1494 abuts the base 1522 of the spacer1520. The distance traveled by the spike 1500 will thus be determined,to some extent, by the length of the legs 1524 and the thickness of thebase 1490. To prevent the entire vial adapter 1482 from being separatedfrom the vial 1480 during this process, it is intended for the tabs 1510to be spaced from the side 1492 of the base 1490 a distanceapproximately equal to the desired distance of travel (withdrawal) ofthe spike 1500. It will be recognized that the spacing between the tabs1520 and the side 1492 of the base 1490 may be used to limit the travelof the spike 1500 such that the side 1494 will not abut the base 1522 ofthe spacer 1520.

As still further embodiment of the vial adapter is illustrated in FIGS.50-53. This embodiment is similar to that of FIGS. 47-49 in thatapplication of force to the parts of the vial adapter will causewithdrawal of a spike from a vial. However, unlike the adapter of FIGS.47-49, the adapter of FIGS. 50-53 entirely surrounds the vial.

Thus, a vial adapter 1550 and a vial 1552 are illustrated in FIG. 50.The vial adapter 1550 includes first and second subassemblies 1554,1556. The first and second subassemblies 1554, 1556 may also be referredto as first and second housings in consideration of the fact that thevial adapter 1550 completely encloses the vial 1502.

Turning first to FIG. 50, the first subassembly or housing 1554 includesa base 1560 having first and second opposing sides 1562, 1564. A skirt1566 may depend from the first side 1562 of the base 1560, the tubularskirt 1566 bounding a space 1568 to receive the vial 1502. A spike 1570may depend from the first side 1562 of the base 1560 into the space1568. The spike 1570 may have a longitudinal axis 1572 and a spikepassageway 1574 (see also FIG. 51). The first subassembly 1556 may alsoinclude a connector 1576 disposed on the second side 1564 of the base1560, the connector 1576 having a connector passageway 1578 that is influid communication with the spike passageway 1574 (again, see also FIG.51). The base 1560, skirt 1566, spike 1570 and connector 1576 may beformed (e.g., molded) as a single unit out of polycarbonate, forexample.

The first subassembly 1554 also includes two side pockets 1580 (bestseen in FIG. 51). Each side pocket 1580 is formed by a U-shaped wall1582 attached to the skirt 1566 of the first subassembly 1554. Thepockets 1580 are open along an axis parallel to the axis 1502 of thespike 1500, and thus form windows 1584 disposed along the sides of theskirt 1566 to either side of the spike 1570.

The second subassembly 1556 also includes a hollow skirt 1590 to receivethe vial 1552. Attached to the sides of the skirt 1590 are two ears1592. The ears 1592 are received within the pockets 1580 of the firstsubassembly 1554, and depend through the windows 1584 as explained ingreater detail below. The ears 1592 are attached at a first end 1594 tothe skirt 1590, and have tabs 1596 disposed radially inwardly at secondends 1598. The tabs 1596 are received within a neck 1600 of the vial1552, so that the second subassembly 1556 and the vial 1552 are attachedto each other so that they move as a single unit.

In operation, the vial 1552 is first attached to the second subassembly1556 by forcing the vial into the skirt 1590 so that the tabs 1596 arereceived within the neck 1600 of the vial 1552 (see FIG. 51). With thevial 1552 thus mounted in the second subassembly 1556, the secondsubassembly 1156 is fitted into the first subassembly 1554 such that theears 1592 are received within the pockets 1580 of the first subassembly1554. The first and second subassemblies 1554, 1556 are then movedrelative to each other such that the spike 1570 is moved in thedirection of the vial 1552 so that the spike 1570 advances into astopper 1602 of the vial 1552 (see FIG. 51). Motion of the first andsecond subassemblies 1554, 1556 relative to each other will cause atleast a portion of the ears 1592 to depend from the windows 1584 of thefirst subassembly 1554 as the spike 1570 continues to be advanced intothe stopper 1602. The motion of the subassemblies 1554, 1556 ceases withthe side 1562 of the base 1560 abutting or nearly abutting a surface1604 of the vial 1552 (see FIG. 51).

To withdraw the spike 1570 from the stopper 1602 the desired distance,opposing forces may be applied to upper surfaces 1606 of the ears 1592and lower surfaces 1608 of the walls 1582 that define the pockets 1580(see FIG. 52). This force causes the first and second subassemblies1554, 1556 to move relative to each other such that the spike 1570associated with the first subassembly 1554 is withdrawn from the stopper1602. The spike 1570 is withdrawn from the stopper 1602 a distance thedepends on the distance the upper surface 1606 of the ears 1592 dependabove upper surfaces 1610 of the walls 1582 that define the pockets1580.

In the alternative to withdrawing a spike from a stopper of a vial tolimit or prevent the formation of a trapped residual volume in the vial,the spike may be shaped so as to permit the spike and the material ofthe stopper to be advanced relative to each other without withdrawal ofthe spike from the stopper. FIGS. 54-61 illustrate at least twoembodiments of such a vial adapter, both of which include a stopper thatis formed to cause the stopper to move relative to the spike when thespike is rotated while being maintained a fixed distance relative to thevial. It will be recognized that these embodiments may be combined withthose described above to define an embodiment wherein the spike is movedaxially relative to a vial and rotated relative to the vial to cause thespike and the stopper to move relative to each other in accordance withthe disclosure of the present embodiments. Such a further variant may beproposed, for example, to use the relative motion between spike andstopper caused by the rotational motion of the spike to limit the axialdistance that the spike must traverse relative to the stopper.

Thus FIGS. 54-57 illustrate a first system including a vial 1620 and avial adapter 1622 (which may also be referred to as a vial adapterassembly) prior to the vial adapter 1622 being attached to the vial1620. The vial adapter 1622 includes two subassemblies 1624, 1626.

The first subassembly 1624 includes the tubular skirt 1630 that dependsfrom a first end 1632 to a second end 1634, the tubular skirt 1630bounding a space 1636 to receive the vial 1620. Attached to the skirt1630 are a plurality of inwardly, radially directed protrusions,projections or tabs 1638. The tabs 1638 each have a surface 1640 thatcooperates with a surface 1642 of the vial 1620 to prevent separation ofthe vial adapter 1622 from the vial 1620.

The second subassembly 1626 includes a base 1650 with a first side 1652and a second side 1654, a spike 1656 depending from the first side 1652and a connector 1658 depending from the second side 1654. The spike 1656and the connector 1658 may both have passageways 1660, 1662 (see FIG.57). The spike 1656 also has a thread 1664 formed on an external surface1666 of the spike 1656 (see also FIG. 55). The use of the thread 1664 isexplained in greater detail below. The base 1650, spike 1656, andconnector 1658 may be formed (e.g., molded) as a single unit out ofpolycarbonate, for example.

In operation, the vial adapter 1622 is advanced in the direction of thevial 1620, causing the spike 1656 to advance into a stopper 1680 of thevial 1620 (see FIG. 57). The advancement of the vial adapter 1622 iscontinued until the tabs 1638 are received within a neck 1682 of thevial 1620, with the surfaces 1640, 1642 abutting. The side 1652 may alsobe abutting a surface 1684 of the vial 1620.

To move the stopper 1680, or at least a surface 1686 of the stopper 1680to limit or eliminate a trapped residual volume, the first subassembly1624 is rotated about an axis 1686 (see FIG. 54). The thread 1664 on thespike 1656 cooperates with the material of the stopper 1680 to cause thestopper 1680 to advance along the spike 1656, pulling a surface 1688upwardly relative to the spike 1656. This relative motion causes thetrapped residual volume to be limited or eliminated.

In the alternative to utilizing a two-part vial adapter where the partsof the vial adapter move relative to each other, a single-part vialadapter 1700 may be used, as is illustrated in FIGS. 58-61, with thevial 1702. The vial adapter 1700 includes a spike 1704 that is formedintegrally (i.e., as a single piece) with the remainder of the vialadapter 1700. In particular, the spike 1704 has a internal thread (orgroove) 1706 formed in an outer surface 1708 of the spike 1704. In use,the vial adapter 1700 is rotated such that the thread 1706 cooperateswith the material of a stopper 1710 of the vial 1702 to move thematerial upwardly relative to the spike 1704 so as to return a surface1712 of the stopper 1710 to a relaxed state. As a consequence, a trappedresidual volume defined by the deflected surface 1712 is either limitedor eliminated.

A still further embodiment of a vial adapter according to the presentdisclosure is illustrated in FIG. 62. This vial adapter is particularlywell suited to address an issue that may arise as a spike associatedwith a vial adapter is advanced into a stopper associated with a vial,the stopper disposed over a passage in a neck of the vial to controlaccess through the passage into the vial. Specifically, under certainloading conditions, the force applied to the stopper as the spike isadvanced into the stopper will cause the stopper to move relative to thevial. As the spike advances further into the vial, a crimp ring disposedabout the stopper and a rim disposed adjacent the neck of the vial tomaintain the stopper fixed relative to the vial will be unable to resistthe motion of the stopper. As a consequence, the stopper may move andbecome lodged within the passage in the neck of the vial. This can havea negative effect on the ability of the user to access the contents ofthe vial.

To limit the possibility of such movement of a stopper 1740 relative tothe remainder of a vial 1742, a vial adapter 1750 as illustrated in FIG.62 may be used. According to this embodiment, the vial adapter 1750includes two subassemblies 1752, 1754 which may be physically separatedfrom each other but indirectly attached to each other, through a frameor jig or a machine. The first subassembly 1752 includes a collar 1756;thus, this portion of the vial adapter 1750 is common to several of theembodiments illustrated above. The first subassembly 1752 also includesa plate 1758 that will be used in conjunction with the collar 1756 asexplained in greater detail below. The second subassembly 1754 includesa spike 1760 that is intended to be advanced into the vial 1742 througha passage in the plate 1758, and in particular the stopper 1740associated with the vial 1742. While the second subassembly 1754 may bemoved manually by the user relative to the first subassembly 1752, it isintended for the second subassembly 1754 to be moved using a machine inan automated fashion.

The collar 1756 may be similar to that illustrated in FIGS. 63 and 64,which is similar to that illustrated in FIGS. 17, 18 and 32, above. Asillustrated in FIG. 63, the collar 1756 may include first and secondC-shaped sections that are joined at opposing ends by one or morefasteners (such as the mating hooks, as illustrated). Alternatively, asillustrated in FIG. 64, the collar 1756 may include first and secondsections that are joined by a hinge (such as a living hinge) at one pairof ends and by one or more fasteners (such as a tongue and groovefastener, as illustrated) at the other pair of ends. These sections arejoined such that the collar 1756 is securely attached to the vial 1742at a neck 1762 of the vial 1742.

In regard to materials, the second subassembly 1754, including the spike1760, and the collar 1756 may be made of, for example, polymericmaterials, such as plastics. Specifically, one exemplary material forthe spike 1760 and the collar 1756 is polycarbonate, while anotherexemplary material for the collar 1756 is polypropylene. The plate 1758may be made of metal, although it is also possible to use othermaterials as well.

In operation, a surface 1770 of the collar 1756 abuts a surface 1772 ofa crimp ring 1774 associated with the vial 1742. As illustrated, aninner surface of the collar 1756 is shaped to match the contour of thecrimp ring 1774, as well as the contour of a shoulder of the vial 1742,and thus is disposed to fill the neck 1762 of the vial 1742; this is anexemplary embodiment, and should not be viewed as a limiting feature ofthe collar 1756. An opposite surface 1776 of the crimp ring 1774 abuts asurface 1778 of the plate 1758. A force (represented by arrow A) isapplied in a first direction to the collar 1756, while an opposing force(represented by arrow B) is applied in the opposite direction to or bythe plate 1758. That is, it will be understood that the opposing forcerepresented by arrow B may simply be a reactive force to the forcerepresented by arrow A or may be a separate force applied to the plate1758; it will also be recognized that the force could be applied to theplate 1758 with the collar 1756 held fixed, such that the forcerepresented by arrow A may be a reactive force instead. These forces aretransmitted by the collar 1756 and the plate 1758 to the crimp ring1774, and from the crimp ring 1774 to a section 1780 of the stopper 1740and an enlarged rim 1782 of the vial 1742 disposed adjacent the neck1762. It is believed that the application of forces in this fashion willlimit the movement of the stopper 1740 relative to the vial 1742 as thespike 1760 advances into the vial 1742 through the stopper 1740.

It should be noted that the application of forces in this fashion has adecided advantage over application of the forces to the plate 1758 andan opposing end 1790 of the vial 1742. With the forces applied as shown,with the collar 1756 transmitting force in the region of the stopper1740, crimp ring 1774, and rim 1782, the forces are applied to arelatively thick section of the glass container that defines, in part,the vial 1740. Consequently, it is believed that the rim 1782 will bemore resistant to breakage that the relatively thinner wall that definesthe second end 1790 of the vial 1742. In fact, it is believed that ifimperfections are formed in the wall of the container duringfabrication, loading the forces at opposing ends of the vial 1742 ismore likely to result in failure than if the loading occurs in therelatively thicker region of the rim 1782. Consequently, it is believedthat the vial adapter 1750 has significant advantages over existingtechnology in regard to providing suitable forces to oppose movement ofthe stopper 1750 relative to the remainder of the vial 1742 whilelimiting the chances for failure of the vial 1742 under such loading.

As will be recognized, the vial adapters according to the presentdisclosure may have one or more advantages relative to conventionaltechnology, any one or more of which may be present in a particularembodiment in accordance with the features of the present disclosureincluded in that embodiment.

For example, in those embodiments including the slot in the skirt, asillustrated herein, the slot may provide that a secure connection orattachment is formed between the vial adapter and vial, such that theadapter is less likely to separate from the vial in use, particularly ifthe adapter is intended to be used with the vial over a prolongedperiod. These embodiments may also provide a visual indication of thatthe connection between the vial adapter and vial has been formed, inthat the cooperation between slot and tab may be visualized from theoutside of the adapter. Moreover, where the slot includes a particulargeometric shape along a region of the slot, the embodiment of the vialadapter may provide a visual and/or a tactile indication that aparticular vial with a particular composition container therein has beenused with an appropriately mating adapter.

In those embodiments including a biasing mechanism, such as theresilient pad, the degree to which the vial securely mates with thecorresponding vial adapter may be enhanced. Further, the inclusion of aneedleless or needle-free connector may permit the vial adapteraccording to the present invention to be used in a completely needlelessor needle-free system, thereby diminishing the risks to the patient, thehealthcare workers and the equipment. Additionally, embodiments mayallow more consistent withdrawal of vial contents, when the vial isbeing emptied through the use of a pump, for example. While variousembodiments relate to a needleless or needle-free connector for the vialadapter, this does not preclude other embodiments that might use aneedle instead.

Other advantages not specifically listed herein may also be recognizedas well.

1-9. (canceled)
 10. A vial adapter comprising: a base having first andsecond opposing sides; a tubular skirt depending from the first side ofthe base, the tubular skirt bounding a space to receive a vial therein;a spike depending from the first side of the base into the space, thespike having a longitudinal axis and a spike passageway, the tubularskirt having at least one slot formed therein, the at least one slothaving a first section that extends parallel to the longitudinal axis ofthe spike and a second section extending in an arc about thelongitudinal axis and connected to the first section; and a connectordisposed on the second side of the base, the connector having aconnector passageway that is in fluid communication with the spikepassageway.
 11. The vial adapter according to claim 10, comprising abiasing mechanism disposed about the spike and depending into the space.12. The vial adapter according to claim 11, wherein the spike comprisesan elongated aperture having first and second ends axially spaced fromeach other.
 13. The vial adapter according to claim 10, wherein thefirst and second sections of the at least one slot connect at rightangles to each other.
 14. The vial adapter according to claim 13,wherein the second section of the at least one slot has a first open endconnected to the first section and a second closed end, the width of thesecond section being uniform between the first and second ends.
 15. Thevial adapter according to claim 13, wherein the second section of the atleast one slot has a first open end connected to the first section and asecond closed end, the width of the second section being larger at thesecond end than at the first end.
 16. The vial adapter according toclaim 15, wherein the second end of the slot incorporates a geometricshape adapted to conform to a tab attached to a vial containing aspecific composition.
 17. The vial adapter according to claim 10,comprising two slots formed therein, the two slots being disposedopposite each other across the longitudinal axis, each slot having afirst section that extends parallel to the longitudinal axis of thespike and a second section extending in an arc about the longitudinalaxis and connected to the first section.
 18. The vial adapter accordingto claim 17, the second sections extending about the longitudinal axisin the same direction about the longitudinal axis
 19. The vial adapteraccording to claim 10, the tubular skirt having an annular cross-sectionin a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the spike.
 20. Thevial adapter according to claim 10, the spike having a shaft connectedto the base and a head connected to the shaft, the head having across-section in a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis that islarger in cross-section than the shaft.
 21. The vial adapter accordingto claim 10, the spike having a shaft connected to the base and a headconnected to the shaft, the head having cross-sections in a planeorthogonal to the longitudinal axis none of which is larger incross-section than a cross-section of the shaft.
 22. The vial adapteraccording to claim 10, the base, tubular skirt, the spike and theconnector molded as a single article.
 23. The vial adapter according toclaim 10, the base, tubular skirt and connector molded as a singlearticle, and the spike attached thereto, the spike defined by asharp-pointed metal cannula.
 24. The vial adapter according to claim 10,wherein the spike comprises two apertures disposed opposite each otheracross the longitudinal axis.
 25. The vial adapter according to claim10, wherein the vial adapter is attached to medical equipment.
 26. Thevial adapter of claim 25, wherein the medical equipment is a dialysismachine.
 27. A vial adapter comprising: a base having first and secondopposing sides; a spike depending from the first side of the base, thespike having a longitudinal axis and a spike passageway, the spikehaving a shaft connected to the base and a head connected to the shaft,the head having a cross-section in a plane orthogonal to thelongitudinal axis that is larger in cross-section than the shaft; abiasing mechanism disposed about the spike; and a connector disposed onthe second side of the base, the connector having a connector passagewaythat is in fluid communication with the spike passageway.
 28. The vialadapter according to claim 27, wherein the vial adapter is attached tomedical equipment.
 29. The vial adapter of claim 28, wherein the medicalequipment is a dialysis machine.
 30. A system comprising: a vial adapterincluding: a base having first and second opposing sides; a tubularskirt depending from the first side of the base, the tubular skirtbounding a space; a spike depending from the first side of the base intothe space, the spike having a longitudinal axis and a spike passageway,the tubular skirt having at least one slot formed therein, the at leastone slot having a first section that extends parallel to thelongitudinal axis of the spike and a second section extending in an arcabout the longitudinal axis and connected to the first section; and aconnector disposed on the second side of the base, the connector havinga connector passageway that is in fluid communication with the spikepassageway; and a vial having first and second ends and a receptacletherebetween, the first end of the vial disposed within the spacebounded by the tubular skirt, and having at least one radially-outwardlydepending tab that is disposed in the at least one slot, wherein atleast one tab is disposed in the second section of the slot in a fullyassembled state.
 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the vial contains alyophilized therapeutic.
 32. The system of claim 31, wherein thetherapeutic comprises an erythropoiesis stimulating agent.
 33. Thesystem of claim 32, wherein the erythropoiesis stimulating agentcomprises Epogen® or Aranesp®.
 34. The system of claim 30, furthercomprising medical equipment, the vial adapter being attached to themedical equipment.
 35. The system of claim 34, wherein the medicalequipment is a dialysis machine.
 36. A vial comprising: a containerhaving a first open end, a second closed end and an inner surface thatdefines a receptacle; and a sealing assembly disposed over the firstopen end of the container, the sealing assembly including a seal havingat least one radially-outwardly depending tab extending therefromadapted to be disposed in a slot of a mating adapter to securely attachthe vial to the adapter.
 37. A vial adapter comprising: a base havingfirst and second opposing sides; a tubular skirt depending from thefirst side of the base, the tubular skirt bounding a space to receive avial therein; a spike depending from the first side of the base into thespace, the spike having a longitudinal axis and a spike passageway, thetubular skirt having at least one slot formed therein, the at least oneslot having a first section that extends parallel to the longitudinalaxis of the spike and a second section extending in an arc about thelongitudinal axis and connected to the first section; and a connectordisposed on the second side of the base, the connector having aconnector passageway that is in fluid communication with the spikepassageway.
 38. The vial adapter according to claim 37, comprising abiasing mechanism disposed about the spike and depending into the space.39. The vial adapter according to claims 37, wherein the spike comprisesan elongated aperture having first and second ends axially spaced fromeach other.
 40. The vial adapter according to claim 37, wherein thefirst and second sections of the at least one slot connect at rightangles to each other.
 41. The vial adapter according to claim 40,wherein the second section of the at least one slot has a first open endconnected to the first section and a second closed end, the width of thesecond section being uniform between the first and second ends.
 42. Thevial adapter according to claim 40, wherein the second section of the atleast one slot has a first open end connected to the first section and asecond closed end, the width of the second section being larger at thesecond end than at the first end.
 43. The vial adapter according toclaim 42, wherein the second end of the slot incorporates a geometricshape adapted to conform to a tab attached to a vial containing aspecific composition.
 44. The vial adapter according to claim 37,comprising two slots formed therein, the two slots being disposedopposite each other across the longitudinal axis, each slot having afirst section that extends parallel to the longitudinal axis of thespike and a second section extending in an arc about the longitudinalaxis and connected to the first section.
 45. The vial adapter accordingto claim 44, the second sections extending about the longitudinal axisin the same direction about the longitudinal axis
 46. The vial adapteraccording to claim 37, the tubular skirt having an annular cross-sectionin a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the spike.
 47. Thevial adapter according to claim 37, the spike having a shaft connectedto the base and a head connected to the shaft, the head having across-section in a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis that islarger in cross-section than the shaft.
 48. The vial adapter accordingto claim 37, the spike having a shaft connected to the base and a headconnected to the shaft, the head having cross-sections in a planeorthogonal to the longitudinal axis none of which is larger incross-section than a cross-section of the shaft.
 49. The vial adapteraccording to claim 37, the base, tubular skirt, the spike and theconnector molded as a single article.
 50. The vial adapter according toclaim 37, the base, tubular skirt and connector molded as a singlearticle, and the spike attached thereto, the spike defined by asharp-pointed metal cannula.
 51. The vial adapter according to claim 37,wherein the spike comprises two apertures disposed opposite each otheracross the longitudinal axis.